International law is fragmented and unsystematic, without the pyramid structure of domestic law. The traditional view was that, with the exception of jus cogens, norms of international law did not differ in the hierarchy of effectiveness. However, if a closer examination reveals that, in practice, the hierarchy of effectiveness between norms of international law is diverse and complex. A small number of natural law principles, jus cogens, norms of international law that prevail in application, etc. can become norms with a more efficient hierarchy, and further hierarchical relations can still be formed between these norms. In addition, the organs within international organizations had hierarchical relationships, and their legal norms could form a hierarchy of effectiveness. However, the hierarchy of the validity of norms of international law is more uncertain and complex than that of domestic law.(AI翻译)
张辉:(著)
张辉,男,1973年11月生,江苏徐州人。1993年进入武汉大学法学院学习,2003年获法学博士学位,留校任教。2006年任副教授。2005年9月至2006年9月国家留学基金委公派法国巴黎第一大学访问学习,获得法国大学第三阶段学习文凭。为中国国际经济法学会理事、中国长江海商法学会理事、副秘书长。主要研究方向为国际经济法、海商法、国际法。
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53.Oscar Schachter,Entangled Treaty and Custom,in Yoram Dinstain and Mala Tabory(eds.),International Law at a Time of Perplexity-Essays in Honour of Shabtat Rosenne,Nijhoff,1998.
54.Percy.S.Cohen,Modern Social Theory,Heinemann Educational Books,1968.
55.Papers and Proceedings,Ⅱ,Conference on International Law,Lagonissi,1966.
56.Patricia Birnie and Alain Boyle,International Law and Environment,Oxford University Press,2002.
57.Paul Guggenheim,Traité de Droit International Public,Genève Georg,1953.
58.Paul Craig,Grāinne de Búrca,EU Law:Text,Cases and Materials,Oxford University Press,2011.
59.Philippe Sands and Pierre Klein,Bowett's Law of International Institutions,Sweet & Mexwell,2001.
60.Prosper Weil,The Law of Maritime Delimitation:Reflections,Cambridge Grotius Publications Ltd.,1989.
61.Richard Falk,To What Extent are International Law and International Lawyers Ideologically Neutral?In Antonio Cassese and Joseph H.H.Weiler(eds),Change and Stability in International Law-Making,Walter de Gruyter & Co.,1988.
62.Ralf Günter Wetzel,Dietrich Rauschning,The Vienna Convention of the Law of Treaties,Travaux Préparatoires,Metzner,1978.
63.Rene-Jean Dupuy,La Communauté Internationale entre le Mythe et L'histoire,Economic-UNESCO,1986.
64.Robert Jennings,The Pinochet Extradition Case in the English Courts,in Boisson de Chazournes and Vera Gowlland-Debbas(eds.),The International Legal System in Quest of Equity and Universality,Martinus Nijihoff Publishers,2001.
65.Robert Kolb,Théorie du ius cogens international,PUF,2001.
66.Rozen Noguellou,Odile Huiban et Marie Blanchard,Problèmes Actuels de Droit Communautaire,Université Panthéon-Assas(Paris Ⅱ),L.G.D.J.,1998.
67.Rudolf Bernhardt,Article 103,in Bruno Simma(ed.),The Charter of the United Nations:A Commentary,Oxford University Press,2002.
68.Rudolf Bernhardt,International Organizations:Internal Law and Rules,in Encyclopedia of Public International Law,vol.Ⅱ,Elsevier,1995.
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70.Theodor Meron,Human Rights Law-Making in the United Nations,Clarendon Press,1986.
71.W.Paul Gormley,The Right to Life and the Rule of Non-Derogability:Peremptory Norms of Jus Cogens,B.G.Ramcharan(ed.),The Right to Life in International Law,Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,1985.
72.Walter Cairns,Introduction to European Union Law,Cavendish Publishing,2002.
73.Wolfgang Friedmann,The Changing Structure of International Law,London Stevens & Sons,1964.
74.Wolfram Karl,Conflict between Treaties,in Rodolf Bernhardt(ed.),Encyclopedia of Public International Law,North-Holland,1984.
(一)国际组织文件
1.Agreement between the Republic of Indonesia and the Portuguese Republic on the Question of East Timor,Article 6,UN Doc S/1999/513,AnnexⅠ.
2.Agreement between the United Nations and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development,United Nations Treaty Series,vol.16,1948.
3.Agreement between the United Nations and the International Monetary Fund,United Nations Treaty Series,vol.16,1948.
4.Agreement between the United Nations and the World Health Organization.
5.Agreement on a Comprehensive Political Settlement of the Cambodia Conflict.
6.Basic Agreement on the Region of Eastern Slavonia,Baranja and Western Sirmium,UN Doc S/1995/951,Annex.
7.Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nation,1970,UN Doc A/RES/2625(XXV).
8.General Comment No.29:States of Emergency(Article 4),Human Rights Committee,CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.11.
9.General Comment No.8:The Relationship between Economic Sanctions and Respect for Economic,Social and Cultural Rights,UN Committee on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights,E/C.12/1997/8.
10.General Comment No.15(2002),The Right to Water,Committee on Economic,Social,Cultural Rights,E/C.12/2002/11.
11.Institute of International Law,The Elaboration of General Multilateral Conventions and of Non-contractual Instruments Having a Normative Function or Objective:Resolutions of the General Assembly of the United Nations,Session of Cairo,1987,available at:http://www.idi-iil.org/idiE/resolutionsE/1987_caire_02_en.PDF.
12.International Law Association,Report of the 37th Conference,1932 Official Records of the United Nations Conference on the Law of Treaties,second session,Summary records of the plenary meetings and of the meetings of the Committee of the Whole,UN Doc A/CONF.39/11.
13.Letter dated 16 July 1999 from the President of the Federal Government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to the Secretary-General,Annex to Letter dated 19 July 1999 from the Chargé d'Affaires A.I.of the Permanent Mission of Yugoslavia to the United Nations to the Secretary-General,UN Doc S/1999/800.
14.Martin Scheinin,Report of the Special Repporteur on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms While Countering Terrorism,A/61/267(2006).
15.PCIJ,Advisory Committee of Justice,Procés-Verbaux of the Proceedings of Committee,16 June-24 July,1920,with Annexes,1920.
16.Rambouillet Agreement:Interim Agreement for Peace and Self-Government in Kosovo,UN Doc S/1999/648,Annex.
17.Regulation No.1999/1,On the Authority of the Interim Administration in Kosovo.
18.Regulation No.2001/9,Constitutional Framework for Provisional Self-government in Kosovo.
19.Report of British Branch,International Law Association,2002.
20.Report of International Law Commission on the work of its 28 session,UN Doc.A/CN.4/SER.A/1976/Add.1.
21.Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Administration in Kosovo,UN Doc S/1999/779.
22.Report of the Study Group of International Law Commission,Fragmentation of International Law:Difficulties Arising from Diversification and Expansion of International Law,2006,UN Doc A/CN.4/L.663/Rev.1.
23.Report of the Study Group of International Law Commission,Fragmentation of International Law:Difficulties Arising from Diversification and Expansion of International Law,2006,UN Doc A/CN.4/L.682.
24.Request for an advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on whether the unilateral declaration of independence of Kosovo is in accordance with international law,UN Doc A/RES/63/3.
25.Right of the Palestinian People to Self-determination,Human Rights Council,A/HRC/19/L.33,19 March 2012.
26.Statement by the North Atlantic Council on Kosovo,30 Jan.1999.
27.The Third UN Conference of the Law of the Sea,Official Records,vol.2.
28.The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina,Annex 4:Constitution.
29.United Nations Conference on the Law of Treaties,First Session,Official Records,Vienna,26 March-24 May 1968.
30.Victor Rodriguez Cedeno,Fifth Report on Unilateral Acts,A/CN.4/525.Add.1..
31.Decision removing Ante Jelavic from his position as the Croat member of the BiH Presidency.
32.UN Doc GA Res.51/193.
33.UN Doc GA Res.377(Ⅴ).
34.UN Doc S/RES/1031(1995).
35.UN Doc S/RES/1199(1998).
36.UN Doc S/RES/1203(1998).
37.UN Doc S/RES/1267(1999).
38.UN Doc S/RES/1305(2000).
39.UN Doc S/RES/1333(2000).
40.UN Doc S/RES/1390(2002).
41.UN Doc S/RES/1491(2003).
42.UN Doc S/1998/978,20 October,1998.
43.UN Doc S/1998/991,23 October,1998.
44.UN Doc S/PV.3937,24 October 1998.
45.Yearbook of International Law Commission,1950,1953,1958,1963,1966,2001.
46.Yearbook of the Institute of International Law,1995-Ⅰ.
47.1999/727/CFSP,OJ 1999 L 294.
48.2001/154/CFSP,OJ 2001 L 57.
(二)国际判决和裁决
1.Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo,Advisory Opinion,I.C.J.Reports 2010.
2.Al-Adsani v.United Kingdom,Judgment of 21 Nov.,2001,European Court of Human Rights.
3.Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide(Bosnia and Herzegovina v.Yugoslavia),Order of 13 September 1993,Separate Opinion of Judge Lauterpacht,I.C.J.Reports 1993.
4.Arrest Warrant,Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 2002.
5.Armed Activities on the Territory of Congo,Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 2006.
6.Austro-German Customs Union case,individual opinion of Anzilotti Publications of the Permanent Court of International Justice,Judgments,Orders and Advisory Opinions,series A/B,No.41.
7.Azurix Corp.v.Argentine,ICSID Case No.ARB/01/12 and No.ARB/03/30.
8.Barcelona Traction,Light and Power Company,Second Phase,Judgment,Separate Opinion of Judge Ammoun,I.C.J.Reports 1970.
9.Case of Al-Jedda v.The United Kingdom,Judgment of 7 July 2011,European Court of Human Rights.
10.Certain Expenses of the United Nations(Article 17,paragraph 2,of the Charter),Advisory Opinion,I.C.J.Reports 1962.
11.Constitution of the Maritime Safety Committee of the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization,Advisory Opinion,I.C.J.Reports 1960.
12.Costa v.ENEL,Case 6/64 [1964] ECR.
13.Erich Stauder v.City of Ulm,Case 29/69 [1969],ECR.
14.Federal Republic of Germany and others v.Commission of the European Communities,Joined Cases 281,283,284,285 and 287/85,Judgment,ECJ.
15.Free Zones,Judgment,P.C.I.J.Series A/B,No.46.
16.Friedrich Stork & Cie v.High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community,Case 1/58 [1959] ECR.
17.Gabcikovo-Nagymaros,Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1998.
18.Geitling v.High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community,Joined Cases 36-38 and 40/59 [1960] ECR
19.Greek citizens v.Federal Republic of Germany,case No.III ZR 245/98,Neue Juristische Wochenschrift,2003.
20.Guardianship of Infants,Separate Opinion of Judge Moreno-Quintana,I.C.J.Reports 1958.
21.International Arbitral Tribunal:Award on the Merits in Dispute between Texaco Overseas Petroleum Company/California Asiatic Oil Company and the Government of the Libyan Arab Republic(Compensation for Nationalized Property),International Legal Material,vol.17,1978.
22.Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v. Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle für Getreide und Futtermittel,Case11/70 [1970],ECR.
23.J.Nold,Kohlen- und Baustoffgroβhandlung v.Commision of the Europe Communities,Case 4/73 [1974],ECR.
24.Jurisdictional Immunities of the State,Judgment of 3 February 2012,Dissenting Opinion of Judge Yusuf,I.C.J.
25.Juridical Condition and Rights of the Undocumented Migrants,Advisory Opinion,Inter-American Court of Human Rights,Ser.A,No.18,2003.
26.Kalogeropoulou and others v.Greece and Germany,Decision of 12 December 2002,ECHR Reports 2002-X.
27.Kadi v.Council and Commission,Case T-315/01,Judgment of the Court of First Instance,21 September 2005.
28.Kadi v.Council and Commission,Case C-402/05P,Opinion of Advocate General Poiares Maduro,16 January 2008.
29.Kadi v.Council and Commission,Case C-402/05P,Judgment of the Court of Justice,3 September 2008.
30.Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South African Namibia(South West Africa)notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276(1970),Advisory Opinion,I.C.J.Reports 1971.
31.Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons,Advisory Opinion,I.C.J.Reports 1996.
32.Legality of Use of Force,Application of Yugoslavia,29 April 1999,I.C.J.
33.Marcello Sgarlata and others v.Commission of the EEC,Case 40/64 [1965],ECR.
34.Metalclad Corp.v.United Mexican States,ICSID Case No.ARB(AF)/97/1.
35.Nicaragua,Separate Opinion of Judge Nagendra Singh,I.C.J.Reports 1986.
36.Palestinian Wall,Judgment,Separate Opinion of Judge Elaraby,I.C.J.Reports 2004.
37.Prefecture of Voiotia v.Federal Republic of Germany(Distomo Massacre Case)(Case No 11/2000),Greece,Court of Cassation(Areios Pagos),International Law Reports,vol.129.
38.Princz v.Federal Republic of Germany,Court of Appeals,District of Columbia Circuit,in International Law Material,vol.33,1994.
39.Prosecutor v.Furundzija,No.IT-95-17/1-T.
40.Prosecutor v.Anto Furundžija,Judgment of 10 December 1998,Case No.IT-95-17/1,Trial Chamber II.
41.Prosecutor v.Blaskic,Judgment of 29 July 2004,International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.
42.Prosecutor v.Sam Hinga Norman,Case No.SCSL-2003-08-PT.
43.Prosecutor v.Tadic,IT-94-1(Appeal Chamber),2 October 1995.
44.Prosecutor v.Tadic,Allegation of Contempt,Case IT-94-I-A-AR77(27 February 2001).
45.Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay(Argentina v.Uruguay),Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 2010.
46.Oil Platform,Separate Opinion of Judge Simma,I.C.J.Reports 2003.
47.Oscar Chinn case,individual opinion of Schücking,Publications of the Permanent Court of International Justice,Judgments,Orders and Advisory Opinions,series A/B,No.63.
48.Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie(Libya v.U.S.),Preliminary Objections,Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1998.
49.Right of Passage over Indian Territory(Merits),Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1960.
50.Reservations to the Convention on Genocide,Advisory Opinion,I.C.J.Reports 1951.
51.Regina v.Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate,ex parte Pinochet Ugarte(No.3),24 March 1999,House of Lords,International Law Reports,vol.119.
52.Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with respect to Activities in the Area,Advisory Opinion,Seabed Dispute Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea,1 February 2011.
53.South-West Africa,second phase,Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1966.
54.The Queen(on the application of Hilal Abdul-Razzaq Ali Al-Jedda)v.Secretary of State for Defence,Judgment of 12 August 2005,[2005] EWHC 1809(Admin).
55.The Queen(on the application of Hilal Abdul-Razzaq Ali Al-Jedda)v.Secretary of State for Defence,Judgment of 29 March 2006,[2006] EWCA Civ 327.
56.The Queen(on the application of Al-Jedda)v. Secretary of State for Defence,Judgment of 12 December 2007,[2007] UKHL 58.
57.United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran,Judgment,I.C.J.Reports,1980.
58.Van Gend en Loos v.Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration,Case 26/62 [1963] ECR.
59.Western Sahara,Advisory Opinion,I.C.J.Reports 1975.
置顶
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