This book is one of the 2014 sub-project results of the applied research project specially commissioned by the National Social Science Foundation of China in 2013 and the major project of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences' innovation project "Comprehensive Survey on the Economic and Social Development of China's Ethnic Minorities in the 21st Century" (hereinafter referred to as the "Great Survey"). At the end of 2013, the Xinjiang Academy of Social Sciences formed a research group headed by Guo Taishan, director and researcher of the Institute of Religious Studies, and Su, editor-in-chief and editor of Xinjiang Social Sciences, as deputy leader, to demonstrate, declare and defend according to the procedures required by the "Great Investigation", and after the suggestion of Wang Yanzhong, the chief expert of the "Great Investigation" project, and the deliberation of the "Great Survey" expert committee, and the approval of the leaders of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the project was established, and an agreement was signed The project supports research funds, and in one year, completes the investigation and research tasks of the research points and forms a research monograph. In 2014, the 12-member research team of "Comprehensive Survey of Economic and Social Development of Shanshan" conducted four investigations in Shanshanxian County in the form of ethnological and anthropological social surveys, in order to objectively reflect the development achievements of Shanshan's county in politics, economy, culture, education, science and technology, health, language, ecological protection and other aspects in the past 10 years in the 21st century, timely and accurately reflect the problems and challenges in the economic and social development of Shanshan, promote economic development and social stability in border ethnic areas, safeguard national unity, and oppose ethnic separatism , theoretical and practical discussions were carried out. The profound historical and cultural accumulation of Shanshanxian County has always been the focus of theoretical academic circles. In particular, the fields of history, ethnology, archaeology, sociology, cultural studies, and economics have achieved remarkable results, and there are many theoretical research results worth learning from at home and abroad, and the graduation theses of many students in Xinjiang also involve the Turpan region, and even have microscopic investigation reports and papers to villages (I will not list them all here). All these expositions have laid a solid theoretical foundation for our in-depth investigation and study of the history, current situation and development issues of Shanshan, especially the ethnic issue. We require the research group to pay attention to the information of ethnic history, religion, culture and sociology at home and abroad, grasp the relevant literature such as ethnic theory, policy and regulation, academic theory, and academic exchange frontier, so that the research results can guide and lead the research and practical application of the project. First, we collected and sorted out materials for the reform and development of political, economic, cultural, social and ecological construction in Shanshan, and tried our best to make them complete and systematic, so as to prepare for the establishment of a large database for the "big survey" project. Second, the questionnaire survey of cadres (other than subtopics) required by the "big survey" project was completed. Third, through in-depth investigation and research, this project tries its best to grasp the real situation of the comprehensive development of Shanshanxian County and the channels, methods, characteristics, basic propositions, main problems, countermeasures and suggestions of the "five major constructions" of politics, economy, culture, society and ecology, etc., which has laid a good foundation for further research, publicity and study in the future. As a sub-topic of the project "Comprehensive Survey of the Economic and Social Development of China's Ethnic Minorities in the Early 21st Century", the final result was to submit a Shanshanxian volume for the "Investigation Report Series on the Economic and Social Development of China's Ethnic Minorities", and we basically complied with the requirements of the General Project Working Committee in the overall compilation framework. That is, it focuses on ecology and social environment, economic structure and economic development issues, social structure and political development, ethnic education and language, religious status and development trend, ethnic unity, marriage and family and ethics, medical and health care and science and technology, and national cultural development. Second, in history, Xinjiang was not only a multi-ethnic inhabited area, but also a big stage for the migration and movement of various tribes and ethnic groups in ancient times. In the long historical years, various ethnic groups have come into contact and blended with each other, forming a situation in which you have me and I have you. Both history and reality have proved that unity, harmony and common development have always been the mainstream of the development of ethnic relations in Xinjiang. Shanshan, whose real name was Loulan, became king in 77 BC and changed Loulan to Shanshan. It is one of the thirty-six countries in the Western Regions and is located at the world-famous Silk Road Pillar. For thousands of years, the context of the historical development of Shanshan, which can be briefly described as follows: Before the Tang Dynasty, the southern part of Shanshan's mountain was called Liucheng, and the northern part of the mountain was called Baiqi. By the time of the Tang Dynasty, Liuzhong County was set up in the south of the mountain and Puchang County in the north of the mountain. After the evolution of dynasties such as the Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties to the Qing Dynasty, Shannan and Shanbei are collectively known as Bizhan. In the 28th year of Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty (1902), it was renamed Shanshan, and it has been used to this day, even if some Uyghurs in modern Shanshan, they still call Shanshan. According to historical records, the Western Han Dynasty, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties periods were an important historical period in the history of the development of China's unified multi-ethnic country. In particular, Zhang Qian's two envoys to the Western Regions marked the official opening of the Oasis Silk Road. The exchanges, blending and exchanges of different materials, different cultures and different ethnic groups, that is, "spreading from the west to the east", have always maintained close political, economic and cultural ties between the Western Regions and the Central Plains Dynasty and the nomadic regime in the north. With the introduction of Buddhism in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, most areas in the Western Regions had a parallel Buddhist culture and Han culture. In particular, Shanshan, which became an important settlement place for the mainland dynasty in the Western Regions, was no different from the small towns in the mainland. Islam arose in the Arabian Peninsula in the early 7th century. It was introduced to Xinjiang around the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 10th century, that is, from the end of the Tang Dynasty to the beginning of the fifth dynasty. At the beginning of the 11th century, after the Karakhan Dynasty destroyed the Kingdom of Khotan (a predominantly Buddhist kingdom in the Hotan region), it launched a war against the Gaochang Uighur Kingdom under the banner of "holy war", which ended in failure. During the reign of Western Liao, due to the tolerant religious policy adopted by the upper class rulers, Islam was peacefully introduced into the territory of Shanshan. By the time of the Eastern Chagatai Khanate (1348-1514), under the enforced implementation of the Mongol rulers, the residents of Shanshanxian County converted to Islam. To this day, Shanshan's county is still a multi-religious area dominated by Islam. Time flies, when history enters the 21st century, 100 years have passed since Shanshan, which was established as a county in the 28th year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty, to 2002. At this time, Shanshan, in time for the good time of the large-scale development of the western region. Just as the preface to the book "One Hundred Years of Shanshan" compiled by Shanshanxian County to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the founding of the county reads: China's accession to the WTO, the Party Central Committee's implementation of the large-scale development of the western region, and our further deepening of reform and opening wider have all created a "heavenly time" for us to enter the fast lane of various undertakings. There are many agricultural products in Shanshan, and grapes and cantaloupe have formed characteristics and scale advantages; The livestock industry has achieved initial results and the prospects are gratifying; Rich mineral resources, many types, large reserves, high grade, the development and processing of oil, stone and a variety of non-ferrous metal ores has become a scale; In addition, convenient transportation, developed communications, unique tourism resources, and strong stamina for the development of various undertakings are the superior "geographical advantages" of Shanshan. With ethnic unity, social stability, simple folk customs, sincerity and enthusiasm, everyone has established the ideological concept of "entering the gate of Shanshan, you are a Shanshan", which is exactly the "people" needed for the prosperity of all industries. With these "timing, location, people", we firmly believe that Shanshan's paradise will be a paradise for pioneers and a place for entrepreneurs to realize their dreams. Today, Shanshan, with jurisdiction over five townships and five towns, a state-owned farm, two provincial-level industrial parks, 67 administrative villages, 20 communities, 19 ethnic groups including Uyghurs, Han and Hui, and a total population of 231,300, of which more than 90 percent are ethnic minorities, especially the Uyghur population is relatively concentrated. With a total area of 39,800 square kilometers, Shanshan, accounting for 56% of the Turpan Basin, is the county with the largest administrative division in Turpan Prefecture. It is located 90 kilometers east of Turpan, 280 kilometers west of Urumqi, the capital of the autonomous region, and 340 kilometers east of Hami. Lanxin Railway, Lanxin High-speed Railway, Lianhuo Expressway, Asia-Europe Optical Cable, West-East Gas Pipeline run through the whole territory, with superior location and convenient transportation. Historically, it is the meeting place of Eastern and Western cultures, the true hometown of Chinese grapes and cantaloupe, which was famous for giving birth to and perpetuating the splendid ancient Loulan civilization. Long history and culture, developed agricultural civilization, magical natural landscapes, rich folk customs, rich mineral resources, Tuha oil front, cultural relics and monuments all over the county, all of which organically constitute the uniqueness of the history and culture of the Shanshanese nation. Since the beginning of the 21st century, Shanshanxian County has become the vanguard of Xinjiang's political, economic, social, cultural and ecological construction. As a multi-lingual, multi-ethnic intersection and multi-religious multicultural ethnic region and border region, Xinjiang's complex regional conditions, hostile conditions, social conditions and surrounding environment have always been the focus of Western hostile forces and the "three forces" at home and abroad (ethnic separatism, religious extremism, violent terror) to step up their use and engage in subversive and sabotage activities. Against this complex background, Xinjiang's "five major constructions", namely political construction, economic construction, cultural construction, social construction, ecological construction and development trend, often become different from the mainland to observe and see Xinjiang. In terms of guiding ideology, the political construction of Shanshanxian County in Turpan Prefecture must be a strategic highland for adhering to socialist ideology and a think tank for adhering to Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thinking of "three represents," and the scientific outlook on development, so as to lead the direction of socialist development. This is because socialist ideology has the excellent political character of the Communist Party of China and its abundant political resources and spiritual wealth. In short, it is to always adhere to the ideological line of seeking truth from facts; Adhere to the fundamental purpose of serving the people wholeheartedly; Adhere to the theoretical quality of keeping pace with the times. Over the past 10 years, successive party committees and governments of Shanshanxian County have carried forward the past and forged ahead, made efforts to "fight" and "prevent" in accordance with the decisions and arrangements of the party committee of the central and autonomous regions and the Turpan prefectural party committee, and made every effort to maintain social stability; Efforts should be made to strengthen the foundation and continuously improve the combat effectiveness of grassroots organizations; Work hard to mobilize the masses, carry forward the main melody, and spread positive energy; Devote efforts to ethnic and religious work and continuously promote ethnic unity and religious harmony; Efforts should be made to win the hearts and minds of the people and strive to make the fruits of development benefit the people of all ethnic groups. It can be said that great effort and toil have been put in. In the process of economic construction and development, Shanshanxian County has actively promoted new industrialization, and has formed industrial chains such as coal electrification, new material processing, oil and gas chemical industry, clean energy, food and brewing processing, inorganic salt chemical intensive processing, and advanced equipment manufacturing; Actively promote the modernization of agriculture and animal husbandry, and strive to create high-quality products, among which the characteristic forest and fruit industry, cantaloupe industry, animal husbandry and agricultural industrialization development are all improving quality and efficiency. The backward situation of modern service industry, characteristic tourism and agricultural infrastructure construction has been effectively changed. In terms of cultural construction, Shanshan County makes full use of natural resources, folk customs and geographical advantages to continuously improve the construction of public cultural service system. First, focus on cultural projects such as radio and television village access, household access, and rural film screening, and distribute semiconductor radios to each household; Second, cultural activity centers have been established in most villages and communities where conditions permit, and cultural compounds have been established in most natural villages; The third is to carry out the "100 Folk Artists Training Project" to encourage and support grassroots literary and artistic backbones, folk artists, cultural talents, and cultural volunteers to participate in public cultural activities; Fourth, various mass cultural activities have been widely carried out, with more than 200 cultural and sports performance teams with different characteristics; Fifth, on major holidays, we organize county units and rural cadres and masses to carry out activities to raise the national flag, organize professional literary and artistic groups to go deep into the countryside to tour the villages, so as to achieve a flourishing grassroots cultural activity and actively guide the masses of all ethnic groups to approach modernization and secularization. Shanshan's desert scenic spot was created as a national 4A-level scenic spot in 2008, approved by the General Administration of Sports of the People's Republic of China as China's first "desert trekking leisure sports base" in 2009, won the title of "China's best leisure sports desert" in 2010, and was named "Shanshan's National Desert Park" by the State Forestry Administration in September 2014. Relying on tourism and cultural resources such as the Shanshanshan Desert, Tuyugou Grand Canyon, famous historical and cultural towns, famous villages, Liuzhong Ancient City, dinosaur homeland, grape and cantaloupe hometown, Caiyu, Loulan Restaurant and other tourism and cultural resources, Shanshan County has vigorously developed characteristic tourism and cultural industries. In terms of social construction, first, over the past ten years, in accordance with the overall idea of strengthening the county town, making the market town and the beautiful village, Shanshanxian County has focused on promoting the construction of new-type urbanization, and has basically formed a pattern of regional interconnection and functional integration between the county town and the township. Second, Shanshan County insists on taking employment as the biggest project of people's livelihood, people's hearts and foundation, insists on controlling the urban registered unemployment rate at 2.52%, and maintains a dynamic clearance of "zero-employment households". Vigorously promote employment and entrepreneurship, and effectively let the people of all ethnic groups have something to do, earn money and have hope (Shanshan's county transfers an average of more than 9,000 surplus rural laborers every year, and an average of more than 700 college and secondary school students return to their hometowns every year). Third, we should grasp the weak links in rural compulsory education without slackening, actively implement and guarantee education funds, and realize free education from rural bilingual kindergarten education to ordinary high school and vocational education. Fourth, continuously improve the linkage mechanism between social assistance and social security standards and price increases, and the participation rate of new rural endowment insurance and urban residents' endowment insurance in the county is 100%. Further improve the urban and rural medical assistance system, and gradually increase the proportion of medical assistance paid by urban and rural subsistence medical care for the out-of-pocket part. We will continue to implement reproductive health projects for farmers and herdsmen, and continue to implement family planning incentive policies. Fifth, in accordance with the principle of "rebuilding the original site, promoting the whole village, tearing down and restarting the house, and unified planning", comprehensively implement the projects of safe housing and affordable housing. In terms of ecological construction, Shanshanxian did not wait in the myth of "sand does not advance, green does not retreat", in the face of the increasingly fragile ecological environment and the increasingly tight water resource constraints, it has always put the concept of environmental protection first and ecological county throughout the whole process of economic and social development. First, mobilize the whole people to carry out the construction of a water-saving society. Ertanggou Reservoir and Kekeya No. 2 Reservoir were built (33.05 million cubic meters of new reservoir capacity after completion). Accelerate agricultural water conservation, and promote the application of facility agriculture and field grape efficient water-saving irrigation technology. Second, scientifically develop and utilize resources, vigorously strengthen energy conservation and emission reduction, implement target management, total volume control and dynamic management of key energy-consuming and polluting enterprises, and effectively control the total energy consumption and major pollutant emissions of industrial enterprises in the county. Third, focusing on the goal of building "10,000 mu of mulberry gardens and 10,000 mu of apricot orchards", continue to carry out the protection of 10,000 mu of shelter forests, grasp the greening of county and rural roads, and complete artificial afforestation of 20,000 mu; Continue to carry out sand prevention and control work, focusing on grass square grid sand barriers, start the Shannan desertification land closure and protection project, and have set up 1,824 mu of sand barriers to prevent "sand entering and people retreating". Today, the overall situation in Shanshan, the political, economic, cultural and social undertakings are progressing in the course of development and development, and the pattern of people of all ethnic groups living and working in peace and contentment is stable. However, the hostile situation is severe, the social situation is complicated, the undercurrent of religious extremism is surging, and there are still weak links in our work, especially ethnic and religious work, after all, we and the hostile forces are facing the huge number of believers behind religion. Just as many cadres at the grassroots level said: If the foundation is not firm, the ground will shake the sky. The core concepts of the Second Xinjiang Work Forum and the Central Ethnic Work Conference in 2014 are the main ideas and work guidelines for cadres of all ethnic groups in Shanshan. Issues such as strengthening the mechanism for counter-terrorism and social stability, strengthening economic and people's livelihood, strengthening the contingent of ethnic minority cadres, strengthening ideological education among young people, and strengthening "bilingual" education are urgently and realistically presented before us. In the face of the increasingly complex situation and heavy work, we need a large number of cadres of all ethnic groups who are strong in politics, ability, style and mental strength, and who can sincerely serve the masses of all ethnic groups and build a beautiful homeland that we share. In short, in the treasure land of Shanshan, the economic benefits and more direct social benefits generated by safeguarding national unity, opposing ethnic separatism and religious extremist forces, and strengthening the border areas and enriching the people are enormous, and they will not change in the past, at present, and in the future. Guo Taishan, December 30, 2014（AI翻译）