In China in the 21st century, challenges and opportunities coexist. What basic position should be determined to understand history, think about the present, and explore the future? The author of this book adheres to the values of modernity, studies some important issues in the development of modern Chinese literature, such as the inherent prescriptiveness of modern Chinese literature, the occurrence of cultural conservatism, and the popularity of secularization, and discusses the relationship between enlightenment modernity and revolutionary modernity and its far-reaching historical impact from the perspective of the historical evolution of modernity, emphasizes the historical status of the May Fourth Literary Revolution as the origin of modern Chinese literary history, and selects the perspective of new literary journals from the perspective of modernity. This paper examines the spread and reception of Russian and Soviet literature in China, and studies the ideological exploration and artistic innovation of modern writers such as Lu Xun. Problem-oriented, hot concerns, cutting-edge tracking, rational thinking and aesthetic analysis are combined, and the spark of thought is seen from time to time.