Latin America and the Caribbean (Latin America) has 33 independent countries and 12 non-independent regions, covering an area of more than 20.72 million square kilometers, accounting for 13.8% of the world's land area; The population has reached 600 million, accounting for more than 8% of the world's total population. In 2013, Latin America's GDP was $6.08 trillion, and the per capita GDP was $9,881. 2891149 Latin America is a continent with abundant resources, great development potential and a huge impact on the future of mankind. At the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, a vigorous independence movement broke out in Latin America, destroying more than 300 years of colonial rule by Spain, Portugal and other European powers, and establishing independent countries. In the late 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, the political systems of most Latin American countries underwent a transformation from the semi-feudal "Caudillo" dictatorship to the bourgeois representative democracy, gradually forming a modern state system; The political situation has become relatively stable from frequent coups and turbulence. In Latin America's modern history, the left is an important political force that has had an important impact on the political, economic and social development of the region. Latin America has a long history of left-wing, and socialist ideas began to spread widely in Latin America as early as the mid-19th century. After the defeat of the Paris Commune in France in 1871, a large number of European socialists went into exile in Latin America, and left-wing ideas spread and spread widely in Latin America. In the 70s of the 19th century, the sections of the First International were established in Mexico, Uruguay and Argentina. In the 90s of the 19th century, the Socialist Party was founded in Argentina, Chile, Cuba and Uruguay. After the victory of the October Revolution in Russia in 1917, Latin American countries successively established Communist Parties. In the course of the history of the 20th century, Latin America has experienced five relatively important revolutions. One of them was preceded by World War II, the Mexican bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1910-1917. There were four post-World War II elections, namely, the Guatemalan Revolution of 1944-1954, the Bolivian Revolution of 1952-1960, the Cuban Revolution, which won national victory in early 1959 and later proclaimed the establishment of the first socialist regime in the Western Hemisphere, and the Nicaraguan Revolution, which overthrew the dictatorship and won national victory on 19 July 1979. In the course of these five revolutions and Latin America's industrialization and modernization, the ranks of the proletariat in Latin America have continued to grow, party politics has been continuously improved, left-wing political parties, left-wing trade unions and mass organizations have continued to emerge, and left-wing ideas, left-wing movements, left-wing regimes and left-wing leaders have continued to emerge. In addition to the above-mentioned five revolutions, since the 30s of the 20th century, Latin American countries have launched democratic reform movements with foreign resistance to power and internal struggle for democracy as the main content. Latin America's democratic reforms were rich and diverse, with authoritarian populist 2891150 reforms, such as Getulio Vargas (1883-1954) in Brazil, Victor Raul Haya de la Torre (1895-1979) in Peru, Juan Domingo Peron in Argentina, 1895-1974), reforms by José María Velasco Ibarra of Ecuador (1893-1979); There were experiments with the "Peruvian model" carried out by reformist military figures such as the military government of Juan Velasco Alvarado of Peru (1910-1977), as well as reforms with various socialist overtones, such as the "peaceful transition to socialism" of Salvador Allende (1908-1973) in Chile, and Forbes Burnham of Guyana Burnham (1923-1985) founded and implemented "cooperative socialism", as well as democratic and Christian socialist reforms in some Latin American countries. Although these reforms have different colors and characteristics, and some of them still flaunt the banner of socialism, they can generally be attributed to bourgeois anti-imperialist democratic reforms, which are a main thread running through the political process in Latin America, promoting the transition of Latin American countries from pre-capitalism to capitalism and from traditional society to modern society. From the early 60s to the early 80s of the 20th century, under the impetus of the Latin American national democratic movement, 13 countries in the Caribbean gained independence from colonial status. As a result, the number of independent states in Latin America increased from 20 before the war to 33. This book is devoted to the study of the theoretical trend of left and socialism in Latin America, focusing on the new left and socialist trend that has risen in Latin America since the late 80s and early 90s of the 20th century. Why should we study the Latin American trend of left and socialist theory? What's the point? Since the seventies and eighties of the twentieth century, Latin America has become a testing ground and hardest hit area for neoliberalism. In the late 80s and early 90s of the 20th century, the drastic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union once caused a huge impact on socialist movements and left-wing movements in various regions of the world, including Latin America, and were at a low ebb. However, what is remarkable is that with the gradual exposure of the negative effects of neoliberalism and the acceleration of the democratization process of Latin American military personnel "returning government to the people", under the new international and regional environment and situation, the coexistence and competition between the "left" and the "right" in Latin America has gradually become the norm in the politics of Latin American countries, and the development of the Latin American left has entered a new historical stage. Some left-wing parties and organizations that have had a major influence still maintain a certain degree of vitality, but the status and influence of a considerable number of traditional left-wing parties and organizations have gradually declined, and they are not as good as in the past. On the contrary, other left-wing party organizations and social movements have adjusted their political strategies, programs, methods of struggle, etc., and their strength has continued to grow. The Latin American left quickly came out of the toldrums, and the Latin American left withstood the huge international pressure, withstood the test, not only tenaciously persevered and survived, but also achieved important development, showing a gradual upward trend. Since the "Fifth Republic Movement" led by Hugo Chávez (1954-2013) came to power in Venezuela in February 1999, left-wing parties and politicians in Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Nicaragua, Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador, El Salvador and Peru have successively elected to power, and Latin American new left forces have risen en masse on the political stage; In Mexico, Colombia, Honduras and other countries, although the left party failed to win the election and come to power, it also has the strength to rival and compete with the right. Waves of thriving social movements in Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina, Guatemala and other countries have also forced presidents to resign and step down. The rise of the Latin American left-wing group is an important feature of Latin American political modernization; The development of the Latin American left is an important part of the Latin American political process; The Latin American left is an active defender of the democratization process in Latin America; The Latin American left is the main driver of the change in the concept of development; The Latin American left is also an active shaper of the new political landscape in Latin America. The important role played by the Latin American left and socialist movements on the world political stage is increasingly impressive. The "sudden rise" of the Latin American left wing and socialist movement is a bright spot in the development of world socialism in the 21st century, a major force in the historical process of development and change in the contemporary world, and has played an important role in promoting the revival of the world left and socialist movements. Many left-wing parties and organizations in Europe, Asia, and Africa see the rise of the left and socialist movements in Latin America as "hope." The São Paulo Forum, founded by the Latin American left in 1990, and the World Social Forum, founded in 2001, have become increasingly influential in promoting the world left-wing movement, which has become "a space for leftists, anti-imperialists, anti-neoliberalism, opposition to all colonialism and neocolonialism, solidarity and participation in the formulation of 'alternatives'", and the participation in the annual meeting of the São Paulo Forum is not limited to left-wing parties and organizations in Latin American and Caribbean countries, but also includes Europe, Asia, Left-wing parties and organizations in Africa and elsewhere, the annual meeting of the São Paulo Forum has become an important gathering of leftist parties in Latin America and the world. The World Social Forum has also become the "embodiment of another globalization" of an "anti-imperialist and anti-neoliberal nature" widely attended by leftist parties and non-governmental organizations on all continents. A comprehensive and systematic study of the left-wing and socialist trends of thought that emerged in Latin America in the past two or three decades is of great theoretical value and practical significance. First of all, to explore the reasons for the rise of left-wing and socialist trends in Latin America, the main body of these trends, their main propositions, viewpoints and characteristics, and their impact on Latin American politics, economy and international relations, will help us to deeply understand the process of political democratization and the changes in the economic development model in Latin America. Second, the left-wing and socialist trends of thought in Latin America are undoubtedly closely related to the development of contemporary world capitalism and the ups and downs of the international left and communist movements, and studying the left and socialist trends in Latin America is of great significance for us to fully understand the characteristics of the development of capitalism in the contemporary world, the crises, challenges and prospects it faces, as well as to understand and study the world left, international and Latin American communist movements. The development of left-wing and socialist trends and movements in Latin America not only has a long history and tradition, but also has active ideas and many currents, which can be said to be a gathering place for various social trends and a testing ground for various left-wing parties to carry out social revolution, reform, movement and construction. Especially in the past 20 years, the rise of the New Left in Latin America shows that Latin America is the most prosperous region for the development of the world socialist movement in the 21st century. Therefore, it is very necessary to study and summarize its theory and practice and evaluate its status and significance in world history. Finally, one of the root causes of the rise of the left and socialism in Latin America is that neoliberal economic reforms in Latin American countries have exacerbated social and economic inequalities, and people are increasingly dissatisfied with the neoliberal development model dominated by the "Washington Consensus". At present, China is deepening reform, how to deal with the challenges of neoliberal globalization, properly handle the problem of benefit distribution in the reform process, and build a harmonious society is the main task facing it. Exploring the left-wing and socialist trends of thought in Latin America and their relationship with Latin America's political, economic and social development today is undoubtedly of great reference significance for China's construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The general framework and basic content of this book are roughly as follows: The first chapter summarizes and analyzes the emergence and development of Latin American left-wing and socialist theoretical trends. This paper briefly describes and analyzes the rise of the Latin American workers' movement in the late 19th century and the spread of scientific socialism in Latin America, the birth and tortuous development of socialist parties and communist parties in Latin American countries, and the trend and practice of social democracy in Latin America. The second chapter focuses on the rise of the New Left movement in Latin America. On the basis of systematically sorting out the development of Latin American left-wing movements, Latin American traditional left parties, organizations, movements and Latin American guerrilla movements, this paper focuses on the impact of drastic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union on Latin American left and socialist movements, the rise of Latin American new left movements at the end of the 20th century, their causes, roles, influences and challenges, and analyzes the strategic propositions and characteristics of contemporary Latin American left and socialist movements. Chapter III: The Latin American Left and the São Paulo Forum. Based on the analysis of the historical background and development process of the establishment of the São Paulo Forum, this chapter focuses on the proposition of the São Paulo Forum to promote Latin American integration, the characteristics of the Forum and the significance of the São Paulo Forum. Chapter IV: The Brazilian Labour Party and the World Social Forum. Based on the analysis of the historical background and evaluation of the establishment of the World Social Forum and the important activities of the World Social Forum, this chapter focuses on the study and analysis of the characteristics, propositions and concepts of the World Social Forum. The role of the Brazilian Workers' Party in the establishment and development of the World Social Forum, the limitations and problems in the development of the Brazilian Workers' Party and the World Social Forum were analyzed, and the limitations and existing problems in the development of the Brazilian Workers' Party and the World Social Forum were pointed out. Chapter V: The Development of Cuban Socialism and the "Renewal" of the Economic and Social Model. This chapter analyzes how Cuba embarked on the road of socialism, how it actively explored the road of socialist revolution and construction, how Cuba coped with the huge blow and impact of the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, and focuses on the situation of Cuba's "renewal" economic and social model since Raul came to power in mid-2006, especially since the "Sixth National Congress" of the Communist Party of Cuba in 2011. Chapter Six: Socialism Proposed by Some of Latin America's ruling left-wing parties. This chapter analyzes and introduces the background, basic connotation, main practices and prospects of "socialism in the 21st century" in Venezuela, "socialism in the 21st century" in Ecuador, "communion socialism" in Bolivia and "labor socialism" in the Brazilian Labor Party. Chapter VII: Other Socialist and Left-Wing Trends in Latin America. This chapter analyses and introduces the characteristics and new changes in social democratic thought in Latin America, such as Apraism in Peru, Sandinista in Nicaragua, Christian democracy in Latin America, Peronism in Argentina and liberation theology in Latin America. Chapter VIII: New Movements of the Left Movement and the Communist Party in Latin America. This chapter analyzes the reflections of Latin American leftist leaders on the world financial crisis, the new trends of Latin American Communist Parties, the new theories of Latin American left-wing - post-neoliberalism and neo-developmentalism, new movements of Latin American left movements, and the challenges and prospects of Latin American new leftists. The project "Research on Latin American Left Wing and Socialist Theoretical Trends" was declared in February 2012 and approved by the National Office of Philosophy and Social Science Planning on May 20 of the same year, with the project number 12BGJ002. It was originally scheduled to be completed by May 30, 2015, but the actual completion time was August 30, 2015. On November 15 of the same year, he applied to the Zhejiang Provincial Social Science Planning Office for appraisal. The Zhejiang Provincial Planning Office completed the expert appraisal on March 16, 2016 and applied for the review of the National Social Science Planning Office. On July 13, 2016, the National Social Science Planning Office approved the closure of the project. This book is edited by researcher Xu Shicheng, the project leader, director of the Institute of Latin American Studies of Zhejiang University of Foreign Chinese, and member of the Honorary Division of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, who is responsible for the demonstration and declaration of the project, the design of the project framework structure, the revision, drafting and finalization of the results. The specific tasks undertaken and completed by the members of the research group are as follows: Introduction: Xu Shicheng Chapter 1: Yuan Dongzhen (Assistant Director and Researcher, Institute of Latin American Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) Chapter 2: Xu ShichengChapter 3: Chen Lan (Assistant Researcher, Institute of Latin American Studies, Zhejiang University of Foreign Chinese, PhD student) Chapter 4: Wang Shuang (Assistant Researcher, Ph.D., Institute of Latin American Studies, Zhejiang University of Foreign Chinese) Chapter 5: Xu ShichengChapter 6: Tang Jun (Deputy Director, Institute of Latin American Studies, Zhejiang University of Foreign Chinese, Ph.D.) Chapter 7: Ye Jianhui (Lecturer, Ph.D., Department of Social Sciences, Zhejiang University of Foreign Chinese) Chapter 8: Afterword by Xu Shicheng: The materials used in Xu Shicheng's book are published as of the end of September 2015. In the process of declaration, writing and closing of this project, we have received strong support from Hong Gang, Dean of Zhejiang University of Foreign Chinese, Yao Chengrong, Secretary of the Party Committee, Zheng Yali, Vice Dean of Zhejiang University of Foreign Affairs, Zheng Shuzhen, Director of the Scientific Research Department, and Dr. Tang Jun, Deputy Director of the Institute of Latin American Studies of Zhejiang University of Foreign Chinese, has done a lot of work, and I would like to express my heartfelt thanks. In the more than three years since the project was established, three meetings have been held in Beijing and Hangzhou to study and discuss the ideas and methods of the project research, the framework of the project, the first draft of the results and the review of the final results. The results of this project condense the painstaking efforts of all members of the research group and are the crystallization of collective efforts. I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to the fact that we have learned and borrowed a large number of existing research results from academia in this project. The study of the Latin American left and socialism and their theoretical trends is a systematic project, our research in this area is still preliminary, some of our views and evaluations are likely to be limited and incomplete, and the understanding of many important issues needs to be further studied. In addition, Latin American left-wing, socialism and their theoretical trends are constantly changing and developing, and new situations and new trends of thought are emerging one after another. Although we have done our best subjectively, due to the limitations of theoretical and academic level, errors and improprieties in the book are inevitable.（AI翻译）