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宋代江浙诗韵研究

钱毅[著]

宋诗 诗律 诗歌研究 中国

2019-12-01

978-7-5203-5805-7

444

41

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  • 内容简介
  • 书籍目录
  • 作者简介
  • 参考文献
内容简介

中国是诗的国度,历代丰富的诗歌文献不但具有很高的文学价值,而且还有重要的语言价值,“它是认识发音的宝贵文献”,为我们研究古代语音提供了充足的原材料。
继唐诗后,宋诗继续发展,作品数量巨大,艺术成就卓著。宋代江浙地区人口众多,经济发达,文化底蕴深厚,文学创作繁荣。本书以宋代江浙诗歌83965首为研究对象来考察宋代江浙诗歌用韵。
本书主要运用“二重证据法”,即将“历史文献考证法”与“历史比较法”相结合,利用大量唐宋笔记、文集等历史文献与丰富的现代方音资料来分析宋代江浙诗歌用韵中特殊韵例的语音性质。
本书归纳出宋代江浙诗歌用韵的韵部系统为18部,其中阴声韵部、阳声韵部各7个,入声韵部4个。具体如下:阴声韵部—歌戈部、麻车部、皆来部、支微部、鱼模部、萧豪部、尤侯部;阳声韵部—监廉部、侵寻部、寒先部、真文部、庚青部、江阳部、东钟部;入声韵部—屋烛部、铎觉部、月帖部、质缉部。宋代江浙诗歌用韵的韵部系统与宋代通语韵系18部相符,说明宋代江浙诗歌用韵总体是以通语为依据的。
宋代江浙诗歌用韵显示出许多重要的通语音变现象,如佳韵系、夬韵押入麻车部,灰韵系及泰韵合口字向支微部演变,尤侯部部分唇音字押鱼模,德韵部分字押屋烛部,入声-p、-t、-k 韵尾多有混押,可能演变为-ʔ 韵尾,同时入声韵又与阴声韵通押,说明入声韵的三种韵尾有弱化消失趋向。
本书分析了江浙诗韵中全浊上声字入韵情况,发现全浊上声只押去声与只押上声的数量相当,而兼押上去声数量远远多于前两种情况,说明江浙全浊上声字正处在向去声演变过程中。
特殊韵字考察是诗韵研究的重要内容之一,本书考察江浙诗人用韵中的许多特殊韵字,从而弥补韵书音义失收的不足或探寻某些字音义的演变轨迹,还可印证异读等等。
本书详尽分析宋代江浙诗韵中的特殊韵例,这些特殊韵例既不符合《广韵》的用韵规定,也不符合通语用韵。其中阴声韵之间的通押有支微部、鱼模部通押,歌戈部、鱼模部通押,支微部、皆来部通押,麻车部、皆来部通押,尤侯部、萧豪部通押等;阳声韵有寒先部、监廉部通押,东钟部、江阳部通押、庚青部、江阳部通押等;入声韵有屋烛部、铎觉部通押等,另外还有阳声寒先部、监廉部与支微部通押等。经过分析发现,除仿古和临时用韵之外,这些特殊用韵绝大多数是宋代江浙方音的反映。可见,虽然宋代江浙诗人用韵总体是以通语为依据,但是江浙诗韵中的大量特殊韵例又反映出江浙诗歌用韵时也参进了许多自已的方音,因而使得江浙诗韵包含有极其浓厚的江浙方音色彩。
最后,本书依据宋代江浙诗韵中特殊韵例不平衡性分布的特点来拟测不同地域间的语言差异,即对宋代江浙方音进行分区。结果发现,宋代江浙方音大致分三部分:徐州为一部分,相当于今中原官话区;淮安、扬州为一部分,今属江淮官话区;南通、苏州、杭州、宁波、淳安等为一部分,相当于今吴语太湖片;天台、黄岩为一部分,今属吴语台州片;金华、处州、衢州同为吴方言一个小片;温州、永嘉为一部分,今属吴语瓯江片。这种方言格局与今江浙方言格局基本一致,说明现代江浙方言格局至迟在宋代已基本定型。
关键词:宋代 江浙 诗歌 方音

China is a country of poetry. Rich literature of ancient poetry in all history have high literary value and important value of language.“ The poetry is a valuable literature of understanding pronunciation.” The ancient poetry provide us with sufficient raw materials for studying ancient voice. After the poetry in Tang Dynasty,the poetry in Song Dynasty continued to develop. Song Dynasty boasted a large quality of the poetry of poems. The poetry in Song Dynasty had a remarkable achievements in the arts. In Song Dynasty,Jiangzhe (Jiangsu and Zhejiang) area was in a large population,economically developed,had profound cultural heritage,prosperous literature. This book attepts to make a study on the rhyming of 83965 poems in Song Dynasty,who were from Jiangzhe (Jiangsu and Zhejiang) area in Song Dynasty.This book mainly uses "the multiple evidence",that is to say,the combination of“verification of historical documents”and“history of Comparative”. We study the rhyme in Jiangzhe (Jiangsu and Zhejiang) in Song Dynasty by a large number of historical documents, such as notes, the collection of composition in Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty, rich documents of modern dialect. This book has generalised their rhyming system which consists of 18 rhyme categories,that's is to say,7 Open endings,7 Nasal endings and 4 Stop endings. Open endings: Ge-Ge, Ma-Che, Jie-Lai, Zhi-Wei, Yu-Mo, Xiao-Hao, You-Hou; Nasal endings: Jian-Lian (Jianlian), Qin-Xun (invasion), Han-Xian (Hanxian), Zhen-Wen (Zhenwen), Geng-Qing (Gengqing), Jiang-Yang (Jiangyang), Dong-Zhong (Dongzhong); Stop endings: Wu-Zhu (House Candle), Duo-Jue (Duo Jue), Yue-Tie (Monthly Post), Zhi-Ji (Quality).The rhyming system consistents with the rhyming system used in the standard language in Song Dynasty.This fact indicts the poets in Jiangzhe (Jiangsu and Zhejiang) area in Song Dynasty used the same rhyme system as in the standard language. The rhyme system by Jiangzhe (Jiangsu and Zhejiang)poets in Song Dynasty shows some important phonetic changes. For example, the character of Jia(佳)rhyme catepory and the character of Guai(夬)rhyme catepory fall into Ma-Che (麻車)catepory.And Hui (gray)rhyme catepory and He-kou (合口) of Tai (泰)rhyme belong to Jie-Lai (all come) but at the same time some character rhymes fall into Zhi-Wei catepory.The labial initial characters in You-Hou fall into Yu-Mo.The characters of De fall into Wu-Zhu (house candle) catepory.Stop endings with-p,-t、-k as the final consonants mix together to a large extent,some of which become glottal-ʔ. At the same time,there are rhyme characteristics between t Open endings and Stop endings,which shows the final consonants of Stop endings tended to weaken and disappear. Through the analysis of rhyming situation of voiced-rising-tone characters,we find the qualities of the voiced-rising-tone characters with the departng tone is same as the voiced-rising-tone characters with the rising tone. At the same time,the qualities of the voiced-risingtone characters with the rising tone and the departng tone is far more than the front two cases. This fact shows that the voiced-rising-tone characters was in the process of evolution to the departng tone. The analysis of specially rhymed characters is one of the the importont tasks in the study of rhyme. The analysis of some specially rhymed characters in Jiangzhe (Jiangsu and Zhejiang)poets can make up for the shortage of rhyming books and trace their evolution and diferent pronunciation. This book analyses some irregular rhyme in detail of the rhyming system in Jiangzhe poets in Song Dynasty, which is neither cosistent with the rhyming provisions in Guangyun nor cosistent with the rhyme system in the standard language. The irregular rhyme includes: category Zhi-Wei contacts with category YuMo, Ge-Ge with Yu-Mo, Zhi-Wei with Jie-Lai, Ma-Che with Jie-Lai, You-Hou with Xiao-Hao; Han-Xian with Jian-Lian, Dong-Zhong with Jiang-Yang, Geng-Qing with Jiang-Yang; Wu-Zhu (House Candle) with Duo-Jue (Duo Jue); Han-Xian and Jian-Lian with Zhi-Wei, etc. Through the analysis, we find the vast majority of the irregular rhyming reflect the dialect in Jiangzhe (Jiangsu and Zhejiang) area in Song Dynasty,apart from imitating ancient rhyming and accidental rhyming. Although the poets in Jiangzhe (Jiangsu and Zhejiang) area in Song Dynasty used the same rhyme system as in the standard language, these irregular rhyming shows that the poets in Jiangzhe (Jiangsu and Zhejiang) in Song Dynasty occasionally use their own dialect in their poems. The rhyming system in Jiangzhe (Jiangsu and Zhejiang)poets in Song Dynasty contained extremely strong dialect in Jiangzhe(Jiangsu and Zhe).In the last part of the arcicle,according to the unbalace distribution of the irregular rhyme,we speculate the language differences in different aeras,that's to say,make dialect division in Jiangzhe.We find the dialect in Jiangzhe (Jiangsu and Zhe)" was divided into three parts. As a part,the dialect in Xuzhou (Xuzhou) is Zhong Yuan Manarin.The dialect in Huaian and Yangzhou is Jiang Huai Manarin.The dialect in Nantong, Suzhou, Ningbo and Chunan (淳安) is Tai Hu dialect in Wu (武) Dialect.The dialect in Tiantai (天台) and Huangyan (Huangyan) is Taizhou dialect (台) in Wu (吴) Dialect.As a part, the dialect in Jinhua, Chuzhou and Quzhou (Quzhou) is Wu (吴)Dialect.The dialect in Wenzhou (Wenzhou) and Yongjia (Yongjia) is Ou Jiang dialect in Wu (吴)Dialect.The geographical distribution of the dialect in Jiangzhe (Jiangzhe) in Song Dynasty is basically same as this case in today. This fact shows that the geographical distribution of the dialect in Jiangzhe (Jiangsu and Zhejiang) at the latest developed their shape in Song Dynasty.Key words:Song Dynasty; Jiangzhe (Jiangsu and Zhejiang); poetry; phonology of dialect(AI翻译)

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