This book was formed on the basis of my doctoral dissertation. In fact, after working for a while, I have thought more deeply about the issue of family intergenerational relations, and I realize that there are still many things that need to be improved in the research of doctoral dissertations, but considering that the doctoral dissertation is the last record of a student's career, I only modified the format and other aspects according to the editor's requirements to try to ensure the originality. Usually, as an academic work, it is necessary to invite some well-known experts and scholars to help write a preface to express affirmation and recommendation. When I was a child, I often listened to songs, and I was very impressed when I saw that lyrics, composition, and singing were all the same person, this is my first academic work, so I don't want to identify myself under the guise of others' hands, and I will do the text work of the whole book by myself. This book was given to my mother, grateful for the close family intergenerational relationship that I felt in the changing society of urban and rural areas, regardless of gains and losses, and hoped that I could write more books to give to my other family members in the future. is the self-order in the preface. China is in a period of social transformation, and the family, as the most basic organization and cell of society, has been bearing the brunt of social transformation. Among them, the most obvious is the weakening of the family pension function to a certain extent, especially in urban areas, the establishment and improvement of the social security system, so that most urban elderly people can obtain retirement after retirement, reducing the dependence on family pension. Whether it is the external pressure of social change on the family or the change in the structure of the family itself, it has had an impact on the intergenerational relationship of the family in China. Unlike the sweeping trend of social change, China's family intergenerational relations are slower to change, reflecting what sociology calls "cultural degeneration" and "retardation effect". Unlike Western families, which have entered the stage of modernization, a distinctive feature of the changes in intergenerational relations in Chinese families is that they are in the confrontation between family modernization and traditionalization. In view of the contradictions and shortcomings in the existing research, this book aims to use more comprehensive and comprehensive research on the status quo, changes, interactions, types and influencing factors of family intergenerational relations based on the data analysis of a large sample of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS), and using more diverse quantitative statistical methods. Although the research object of this book is the intergenerational relationship of three generations of families, the essence is to broaden the theoretical horizon of demography research and enrich the research methods of demography in family intergenerational relations. Based on the above research objectives, this book intends to achieve the following research objectives. First, it comprehensively reflects the face of the intergenerational relationship between the current three generations of families. Family intergenerational relations mainly focus on three indicators: financial support, life care support and emotional support. To answer the question through empirical data, what is the intergenerational relationship like in a three-generation family? Is there a generational tilt of "tears flowing down", as many scholars claim? Second, the panel data is used to examine the changes in the intergenerational relationship of the three generations of families. CHARLS was used to examine changes in family intergenerational relationships from 2011 to 2015, and oral history was used to examine changes over a longer period of time. Third, the intergenerational relationship of the three-generation family has not only the relationship between father and son and grandchildren, but also the three indicators of operational economy, labor and emotion. These relationships will be more complex, and there will be mutual influence or mutual squeeze effects. The biggest feature of the structural equation model is that it can treat multiple explicit variables as a latent variable, and it has a good advantage in dealing with multivariate relationships, and this book tries to introduce it into the study of family intergenerational relations. Exploring this intricate relationship from the relationship diagram may make it easier to clearly see the internal interactions of the intergenerational relationship of the three generations of families. Fourth, this book introduces latent category analysis into the study of family relationships, and latent category analysis is a very useful tool for type analysis. According to empirical data, the study of family intergenerational relations in China can be divided into several categories, and what factors affect the type of family intergenerational relations. Fifth, from the perspective of an overall historical view, this book examines the impact of different factors such as institutions, families, and individuals on the intergenerational relations of three generations of families. While scholars mainly discuss the factors influencing the intergenerational relationship between adult children and parents, this book mainly starts from the perspective of the children of the sandwich layer in the three generations. In order to achieve the above research goals, this book constructs a comprehensive analysis framework that reflects the three dimensions of the three-generation family and intergenerational relationship of the father, son, and grandchildren, the three research aspects derived from the theory, and the influencing factors starting from the system, family and individual, and uses CHARLS data and oral history and case data in the research process, using descriptive statistics, structural equation models, latent category analysis, binary logistic regression, mlogit regression and other methods. Analysis of many aspects of intergenerational relationships in three generations of families. The study found: in terms of the current situation of intergenerational relationships in three generations of families. From the perspective of the middle generation of children, there is indeed a tilt in the intergenerational relationship in terms of economic support and labor support, that is, the children may give more economic support and labor support to the grandchildren than to the parents. However, it should be noted that in terms of economic support, children generally give economic support to their parents, accounting for about 77%, but the economic support given by children to grandchildren is not common, accounting for 36%, so it is difficult to simply say "tears flowing down" and "intergenerational imbalance". This depends on both the amount of economic support and the proportion of economic support. In terms of emotional communication, the data shows that in fact, the contact between children and parents is more frequent, and the frequency of meeting should be tilted towards the parents. However, the frequency of physical absent contact between children and grandchildren through telephone, text message, letter and email is high, reaching 88% of them at least once a month. The above shows that when we talk about family intergenerational relationships, we tend to speak very generally about upward or downward flow. In fact, family intergenerational relations are a multidimensional concept, pay attention to its internal differences. In terms of changes in intergenerational relationships in the family. This book first uses CHARLS data from 2011 to 2015 to see how the intergenerational relationship between three generations of families changes in a short period of time. Five years may indeed be a short time, but the rapid changes in society can also reflect some problems. From the perspective of the three dimensions of family intergenerational relations, although the average economic support in 2011 and 2015 is different, the direction is the same, and both show the tilt of the previous young generation. In terms of emotions, the proportion of children visiting their parents or children seeing their grandchildren is similar, at least once a month, but the frequency of physical absent communication through telephone, text message, letter and e-mail contact increased significantly in 2015 compared with 2011, reflecting the impact of scientific and technological developments, especially the emergence of new means of communication, on intergenerational family relations. In terms of labor support, the direction of labor support flow has not changed, and the time for children to give labor support to their parents or children to their grandchildren has increased, indicating that the pressure on children is greater. Through oral history, the cases of Liu and Gu illustrate the changes in family intergenerational relationships over a long period of time. Liu has experienced a life course spanning 60 years, during which she has experienced major historical changes such as people's communalization, the "Cultural Revolution", and the family joint production contract responsibility system, which have had an impact on her family's intergenerational relations. But at the same time, compared with the grandchildren of Liu in the grandchildren and the grandchildren of Liu now, the intergenerational relationship of the family may have a great contrast. In the grandchildren, Liu was used as the labor force of the family to help take care of younger siblings, and in terms of labor support, intergenerational mobility was upward and flowed to the children, and now Liu's grandson appears as a caregiver, from labor support to the grandchildren. As individuals in different cohorts and birth regions, Liu and Gu have huge differences in their family intergenerational relationships. Here is a summary of the life cycle of family intergenerational relations, family intergenerational relationships are cyclical according to human lifespan, but the connotation of the life cycle of family intergenerational relationships changes with the times. In terms of the internal relations of intergenerational relations in three generations of families. The results of the structural equation model show that the meeting of offspring and grandchildren significantly positively affects the contact between offspring and grandchildren, which may be because the more they meet, the more they connect. The care of grandchildren by children significantly positively affects the care of the elderly by children, possibly because taking care of grandchildren and the elderly is the responsibility of children and should not be abandoned; Caring for biological parents significantly positively affects the care of parents-in-law or in-laws, possibly because the offspring are willing to take care of their biological parents as well as their spouse's parents; The economic support given by children to parents significantly positively affects the economic support given by grandchildren to children, which reflects the "upward and downward effect" and "exemplary role of parents" as the daily saying goes, and also reflects the reproduction of a family intergenerational relationship within the three-generation family. The intergenerational relationship of Chinese families between two or three generations, the interaction in the dimensions of emotional exchange, economic exchange, and labor support presents more of a positive impact interaction, which is different from the "cooperative model" proposed by Western scholars that the family is based on rationality and calculation, and reflects the "filial piety" or "harmony of family style" emphasized in traditional Chinese culture. To some extent, this reflects that although China is in the midst of modernization, it still reflects tradition in family intergenerational relations, which is what Ogburn calls the "cultural lag" of the transition period. Why does this "family style harmony" have such strong vitality? The key is that Chinese families not only undertake the function of population reproduction, but also have a good function of reproduction of family intergenerational relations. In terms of the division of intergenerational relationship types in three-generation families. According to the analysis of latent categories, the intergenerational relationship of the three-generation family is divided into alienation and emphasis on the paternal type, intimate emphasis on grandchildren, alienation and neglect of grandchildren, and three-generation intimacy. The fourth type of three-generation intimacy is the most, accounting for 35%, which also verifies that China's filial piety "affinity and harmony" is still the mainstream. But unexpectedly, alienation and neglect of grandchildren accounted for 31%, which is inconsistent with the so-called "tears flowing down" and "intergenerational tilt" of scholars, which can be explained from the perspective of age. Alienation attaches importance to the paternal type accounted for 23%, reflecting the custom of "family pension" in traditional Chinese culture, even if the overall relationship is estranged, but still have to visit parents frequently, give parents money, take care of parents, which is a moral constraint rooted in blood and difficult to change. Intimate emphasis on grandchildren accounted for 11%, which is not much, reflecting the importance that some families attach to grandchildren. In terms of the influencing factors of the latent category of intergenerational relationships in three-generation families, from the perspective of gender, women are more likely to become alienated and neglectful grandchildren; In terms of age, the older you are, the less likely you are to become an alienated parent type and an alienated neglect grandchild type; From the perspective of hukou, non-agricultural hukou is more likely to become alienated and pay attention to the parent type, and alienate and ignore the grandchild type; In terms of education level, the possibility of college or above becoming an intimate grandchild type is low, and as the education level increases, the possibility of becoming an alienated and valued parent type is high; From the perspective of self-rated health, the probability of self-rated health generally becoming an intimate and valued grandchild type is low, and the higher the probability of a good health becoming an alienated and valued parent type; From the perspective of self-assessment of living standards, self-assessment of good living standards is less likely to become alienated and neglectful grandchildren, generally low probability of becoming intimate attention to grandchildren, and the higher the standard of living, the less likely it is to become alienated and neglectful grandchildren. On the whole, from the perspectives of system, family and individual, variables such as hukou, gender, age, education level, self-assessment of health, and self-assessment of living standards all have different degrees of influence on the potential categories of intergenerational relationships of three-generation families. This reflects that the underlying type of intergenerational relationship between three generations of families is the result of macro, meso and micro pluralism. In terms of factors influencing family intergenerational relations. In the household registration system, differences in household registration are reflected in emotional communication, economic exchanges, and labor support. And this difference in household registration is more reflected in the children and grandchildren. On the whole, the emotional communication, economic exchanges, and labor support between offspring and grandchildren are significantly lower than the agricultural household registration. In terms of family status, those who self-rated their standard of living are more likely to meet their grandchildren than those who self-rated their living standards are poor. In terms of economic transactions, it is reflected in the fact that compared with children with poor self-rated living standards, the self-rated living standards are more likely to have average and high economic support for their parents and grandchildren's economic support for their parents. In terms of financial support for children to grandchildren, self-rated living standards are more likely to be supported than those who self-rated as poor. Gender differences, emotional communication, offspring and grandchildren contact, women are weaker than men; In terms of economic relations, the economic support of children to grandchildren is weaker for women than for men; In terms of labor support, women are stronger than men in providing labor support to grandchildren. In terms of age differences, children visiting their parents, children meeting with grandchildren, and children contacting grandchildren were significantly higher in the group aged 50 and above than those under 50. In terms of economic exchanges, the economic exchanges between parents and children were not significant, but the economic exchanges between children and grandchildren were significant, which showed that the group aged 50 and above was significantly higher than the group under 50 years old. In terms of labor support, the labor support of children to grandchildren and children to parents was significant, which was also manifested in the group of 50 years old and above being significantly higher than that of the group under 50 years old. Overall, as the offspring get older, the intergenerational relationship between the three generations of families becomes. In terms of education level, in terms of emotional communication, junior high school education and college degree or above are weaker than primary school and below education level in terms of children visiting their parents; In terms of meeting children and grandchildren, junior high school education, high school education, college degree and above are weaker than primary school and below; In terms of contact between children and grandchildren, compared with primary school and below, junior high school education, high school education, college degree and above show a gradual trend of decline. This reflects that with the increase of education, the emotional communication of three generations of fathers, children and grandchildren becomes weaker. In terms of economic exchanges, in terms of the financial support of parents to children, junior high school education, high school education, college degree and above are better than the economic support of primary school and below; In terms of the economic support of children to their parents, high school education, college degree or above is better than the economic support of primary school and below, so the economic exchanges between children and parents show a trend of increasing economic support with the increase of academic qualifications. The economic relations between children and grandchildren show a trend of weakening economic support with the increase of educational qualifications. In terms of self-rated health, the results of regression analysis showed that in terms of emotional communication, children visiting their parents was not significant; In terms of meeting children with grandchildren and contacting grandchildren, children who self-rated themselves as healthy are less likely to meet with grandchildren and contact children with grandchildren than children who self-rated poor health. In terms of economic transactions, the financial support of parents to children is not significant, while the economic support of children to parents is more likely to give financial support to parents than children with poor self-assessment of health. In the economic exchanges between grandchildren and offspring, it is reflected that children who self-judge themselves to be in good health are less likely to have economic exchanges between children and grandchildren who self-evaluate themselves as being in poor health. Labor support is not significant. This also shows that self-rated health at least affects emotional communication and financial support, and that the return results also reflect the reality of the situation. If the offspring are in good health, the child is not concerned, and the corresponding contact may be less than that of the child who is in poor health. In the same way, in terms of economic exchanges, the children are in average health and can work, and they are definitely more likely to give their parents economic support than those who are in poor health, while children and grandchildren, who are in good health, do not need to spend money on medical treatment and hospitalization, so economic exchanges will also become smaller. On the whole, the six indicators discuss the situation affecting the intergenerational relationship of families from the dimensions of system, family and individual. On the whole, all six indicators have a greater or lesser impact on all levels of family intergenerational relations, which reflects that family intergenerational relations are shaped by multiple dimensions at all levels of society. The relationship between parents and children is less affected, and the children and grandchildren are more affected, which shows that the father and child generation are still in the stage of pre-family modernization, neither the Westernization of family intergenerational relations, nor the "individuals without public morality" as Yan Yunxiang calls it, and the family intergenerational relationship between children and grandchildren is currently unstable, diversified and uncertain, and in the confrontation between family modernization and traditional filial piety. However, the relationship between "family style and harmony" can be clearly reflected, which may verify the rise of what Yan Yunxiang calls "new familyism". The innovation of this book is that, firstly, it constructs a real three-generation family structure and deepens the understanding of family intergenerational relationships in the context of transforming China. Compared with the intergenerational relationship of two-generation families, the intergenerational relationship of the three-generation family can reflect the essence of the intergenerational relationship more profoundly. The three-generation family is relatively large in terms of age span and the span of life experienced, and the factors of modern and traditional collision may be richer. Secondly, quantitative and qualitative long-term and short-term studies of family intergenerational changes, and since the data do not support the study of long-term changes in family generations, this book expands the method of oral history. Mixed research combining quantitative and qualitative research makes it easy to corroborate each other and deepen research. Finally, the existing theories and methods of family intergenerational relationship research are enriched and expanded. Based on the family life cycle, this book proposes the life cycle of family intergenerational relationship and applies it to research, and proposes the reproduction of family intergenerational relationship through empirical results, and points out that this is an important factor for the continuation of traditional Chinese family intergenerational relations. In addition, the impact of technology on intergenerational family relationships was examined through changes in the frequency of physical absent interactions. The limitations and shortcomings are: due to the construction of a three-generation family, this book has a small data sample size, and cannot fully show the richness of family intergenerational relationships in many dimensions. At the same time, this book does not explore the interaction and influence mechanism of intergenerational relationships in the family in depth. In addition, the selectivity of the sample led to limitations in the study results. Finally, there is the research outlook.（AI翻译）