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中国古代民族关系问题探究

孙祚民[著]

民族关系 研究 中国 古代

2016-12-01

978-7-5161-9402-7

274

3

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  • 内容简介
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内容简介

我国是一个历史悠久、疆域辽阔的多民族国家。正确阐述祖国的历史、特别是民族关系的历史,不但对正确处理古代民族关系,激发反抗侵略斗争的革命精神,汲取历史上民族歧视、压迫政策的沉痛教训,而且对当前加强民族团结、发扬爱国主义和推动社会主义四个现代化建设,都具有重大的现实意义。因此,建国以来,一直受到广泛重视,进行了深入研究,开展了热烈讨论,取得了明显的成绩,被誉为史坛一朵绚丽的“金花”。
但是,无可讳言,因为这个问题本身的复杂性和极左思潮特别是十年浩劫的干扰和破坏,我们的研究工作,也受到了影响,经历了曲折,存在着问题,远远没有达到应该达到的水平,甚至还出现了一些模糊、错误认识和值得引起重视的倾向。因此,为了在已经取得成绩的基础上,把研究工作不断推向前进,还必须进一步加强学习和运用马克思主义,掌握科学理论武器,发掘更加丰富的史料,继续深入钻研,积极开展讨论,实事求是,尊重史实,坚持真理,修正错误,取长补短,共同提高,为正确阐明民族关系史和加强民族团结、推动社会主义两个文明建设、早日实现祖国统一,做出贡献。我就是抱着这个目的,把这本小册子呈献给研究民族关系史的同道和广大读者的。
收进这个集子的文章共十六篇。从写作时间上说,起自五十年代中期,直至1990年。从文章的内容来说,可分为两类:第一类,共八篇,属于理论探讨性的,其中,主要是我参加建国以来民族关系史几次大讨论的文章,作为上编;第二类,共八篇,属于解剖史实的,是结合具体事例进行论证的,作为下编。以上文章,全部在报刊、杂志上发表过。
由于我深知民族关系史本身的复杂性和正确阐明问题的难度,所以,在撰写文章的过程中,自始至终努力坚持做到以下三点:一,坚持马克思主义基本原理。例如,在关于中国民族关系主流问题上,我不赞成“用一种简单的方法,把不平等的民族关系从历史上删去,或者从那些不平等的民族关系中挑选一些类似平等而实际上不平等的史实,来证实这个原则在古代中国已经实现”,甚至说“建立在平等基础上的相互关系,是中国民族关系的主流”。而是根据马克思主义“现存的所有制关系,是造成一些民族剥削另一些民族的原因”,只有“人对人的剥削一消灭,民族对民族的剥削就会随之消灭”,只有“民族内部的阶级对立一消失,民族之间的对立关系就会随之消失”的教导,阐明在我国阶级社会里,既然人对人、民族对民族的剥削和对立没有消失,所以,也就根本不可能出现“平等的相互关系”,更谈不到成为民族关系的主流了。而真正的平等、团结、互助的民族关系,只有在从根本上消灭了产生民族歧视和压迫根源的社会主义和共产主义社会,才能够实现。二,坚持历史主义的观点。如在评价隋文帝、唐太宗民族政策的时候,一方面,实事求是地肯定他们的民族政策,相对而言比较开明;另一方面,却不同意一种无限美化、拔高的做法,例如,把隋文帝的民族政策的“指导原则”,美化为“主张平等、互利”,“在平等、互利的原则下与诸民族进行有礼有节的友好往来”,把唐太宗的民族政策的“指导思想”,美化为“对各民族爱之如一”。而是坚持根据不同时代、社会、历史条件,对具体问题进行具体分析的历史主义观点,阐明即使像隋文帝、唐太宗那样比较开明的帝王,也无法超越社会、历史的制约,不受时代和阶级的局限,以个人的意志为转移,制定和实现民族平等的政策。这样,既克服了美化拔高的做法,避免了把古代帝王现代化和无产阶级化,把本质不同的阶级社会的民族政策与社会主义社会的民族政策严格区分开来,同时,也把他们与那些实行民族高压政策的封建帝王加以区分,给予了客观的、符合历史实际的、科学的评价。三,坚持革命性与科学性统一的原则。革命性,就是史学研究必须为现实服务,这一点,大家的认识都是一致的。科学性,就是尊重历史,从历史事实出发,坚持实事求是的原则,这一点,应该说大家的意见基本上也是一致的,但在具体运用时,却还存在着分歧。如,有些同志不是把两者统一起来,而是有意无意地把两者对立起来,甚至认为为了坚持革命性,可以抛弃科学性。我则遵循经典作家:马克思主义理论“之所以具有不可遏止的吸引力,就在于它把严格的和高度的科学性和革命性结合起来”和“不仅探究的结果,应当是合乎真理的,而且引向结果的途径,也应该是合乎真理的”的教导,力求把两者统一起来,既尊重历史事实,坚持实事求是的原则,在此基础上,做出能够真正为现实服务的科学的论断。当然,以上都是我努力追求的目标,是否能够做到或做到了怎样的程度,还有待不断努力和继续接受客观实践的检验。
收进书中的论文,特别是上编的八篇论文,都是经过了反复思考,最后选定下来的。《中国古代史中有关祖国疆域和少数民族的问题》和《再论》两篇文章,是我试写这方面有关理论文章的开端,而且,引起了大家的兴趣,在《文汇报》上展开了一次热烈的讨论;《处理历史上民族关系的几个重要准则》,是我参加《历史研究》发起的关于民族关系史讨论的一篇论文,翌年,于北京香山别墅召开的全国中国民族关系史学术座谈会上,由大会印发给与会代表,产生了一定的影响;《正确处理历史上民族关系的几个问题》和《民族关系史与爱国主义教育》,是我分别参加在《北方论丛》和《光明日报》上开展的两次讨论的文章,在前此的基础上,对问题的认识都有所加深;《主体民族 统治民族 大民族主义》和《以民族平等原则处理历史上不平等的民族关系》两文,是我针对近年来,有同志提出的带有新意、引起大家浓厚兴趣但尚未展开充分讨论的两种观点,分别撰写成的。值得一提的是《建国以来中国民族关系史若干理论问题研究评议》一文,是我根据掌握的有关三十多年来中国民族关系史这门新学科研究、讨论的大量的资料,经过分门别类概括出来的。它包括“关于我国统一的多民族国家形成的问题”、“关于我国历史上的‘外族’和‘外国’的问题”、“关于我国历史上各民族国家间战争性质的问题”、“关于民族英雄和民族败类的问题”、“关于我国历史上民族关系主流的问题”、“关于中国主体民族的问题”、“关于民族关系史研究为现实服务的问题”七个最重要的理论问题,并根据一得之见,重点作了比较全面地评议。对是否收辑这篇文章,曾作过反复斟酌,感到缺点是和上面的几篇论文多少不无重复之处,好处是纲举目张,问题突出,比较全面地反映了这门新学科产生、成长、坎坷、曲折和发展、繁荣的历史轨迹,直至当前研究、讨论进展的现状,有助于民族关系史研究者和爱好者的了解和把握。权衡利弊,觉得得大于失,最后,还是决定选辑进来。其他还有许多文章,则一概删汰从严、忍痛割爱了。
本着“百花齐放、百家争鸣”的精神,本书选辑的文章,大多属于提出问题、质疑讨论、探索研究的,故名之曰《中国古代民族关系问题探究》。其中对一些不同意见、观点的文章,指名提出了商榷,目的是以示郑重和对对方负责。限于水平,有些认识和提法,难免欠妥以至错误,不过,我是抱着相互切磋、探求真理、繁荣学术,为促进民族关系史研究竭尽绵薄的愿望而进行讨论的。抛砖意在引玉。不当之处,诚恳地希望得到批评指正。这块小小的“投石”,倘能在民族关系史研究的洪波上,激起哪怕是一层微弱的涟漪,多少起到一些推动作用,将是我由衷的心愿。
本书的出版,受到了一些师友的关怀和教益;得到山东社会科学院领导的热情鼓励和资助;河南大学出版社总编辑朱绍侯教授,给予了大力支持;书中汲取了一些同志的研究成果,未及一一注明,在此,谨向他们表示感谢!
孙祚民
1991年4月于泉城济南

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core has carried out top-level design for the development of Chinese think tanks from the strategic perspective of promoting scientific democracy and decision-making according to law, promoting the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, and enhancing the country's soft power, providing important guidance and basic compliance for the construction of new think tanks with Chinese characteristics. In November 2014, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the Opinions on Strengthening the Construction of New Think Tanks with Chinese Characteristics, marking that the construction of new think tanks in China has entered a new stage of accelerated development. In February 2015, under the correct leadership and strong support of the CPC Shandong Provincial Committee and the Shandong Provincial People's Government, the Shandong Academy of Social Sciences conscientiously studied and learned from the experience of the reform of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, boldly explored and implemented the "Social Science Innovation Project", boldly carried out a series of major innovative measures in scientific research system and mechanism, personnel management, scientific research fund management, etc., and successively implemented a series of major innovative measures, bravely explored new ways for the construction of a new think tank with Shandong characteristics, and achieved obvious results. It has become the first local academy of social sciences in the national academy of social sciences to comprehensively implement the philosophy and social science innovation project. In May 2016, General Secretary Xi Jinping delivered an important speech at the Philosophy and Social Sciences Work Forum. The speech profoundly expounded the historical status and epochal value of philosophy and social sciences, highlighted the adherence to the guiding position of Marxism in the field of philosophy and social sciences in China, and made major arrangements for accelerating the construction of philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics. Taking the opportunity of in-depth study and implementation of the spirit of General Secretary Xi Jinping's important speech at the Symposium on Philosophy and Social Sciences, the Shandong Academy of Social Sciences continues to vigorously promote the innovation project of philosophy and social sciences, and strives to build an "ideological and theoretical highland" for Marxist research and propaganda, an important "think tank" and "think tank" of the provincial party committee and government, a high-end academic hall of philosophy and social sciences in Shandong Province, a comprehensive database and research evaluation center of Shandong Province, and an innovative team serving the construction of an economically and culturally strong province. To make greater contributions to the prosperity and development of philosophy and social sciences and the construction of a new think tank with Shandong characteristics. The Library of Shandong Academy of Social Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the Library) is a major project of the "Innovation Project" of the Shandong Academy of Social Sciences, and an important part of the Contemporary Qilu Library of the Shandong Academy of Social Sciences. The library contains scientific research achievements that have won the first prize of excellent social science achievements in Shandong Province and above since the establishment of our institute. The second batch of "Wenku" includes 18 research monographs and 1 award-winning anthology of nationally renowned experts such as Ding Shaomin, Wang Zhidong, Lu Xinde, Qiao Li, Liu Dake, Qu Yongyi, Sun Zuomin, Zhuang Weimin, Xu Jinying, Song Shichang, Zhang Weiguo, Li Shaoqun, Zhang Hua, Qin Qingwu, Han Minqing, Cheng Xiangqing, Lu Yu, etc. These achievements involve scientific socialism, literature, history, philosophy, economics, demography and other fields, take the Marxist world outlook and methodology as the guide, deeply study the basic theoretical issues in the field of philosophy and social sciences, and actively explore major theoretical and practical issues in building socialism with Chinese characteristics, which have played an important role in promoting the prosperity and development of philosophy and social sciences. These achievements are all masterpieces created by the author after long-term academic accumulation, which fully embodies the mission of philosophy and social science research, and shows the excellent academic style of dedication to learning and innovation. This kind of mission, rigorous scientific research attitude and scientific research style are worthy of our serious study and development, which is an inexhaustible driving force for our institute to further promote innovative projects and the construction of new think tanks. There is no end to practice, and there is no end to theoretical innovation. If we want to break through the predecessors, the descendants will inevitably break through us. The achievements included in the Library will also be constantly revised, enriched and improved due to the changes of the times, the development of practice, and the innovation of theory, but their role in promoting the economic and social development of that time will be remembered together with these words. The principle of publishing the Library of the Shandong Academy of Social Sciences is to respect the historical value of the original work and not to make major revisions, so what you see in the Library is the original result of the exploration and research of experts in that era. "Shandong Academy of Social Sciences Library" is a dynamic and open system, on the basis of the first batch and the second batch of publication, we will successively launch the third batch, the fourth batch and other follow-up results... The publication of "Wenku" is carried out under the direct leadership of the editorial board, and has received strong support from the authors and their relatives, as well as the comrades of relevant research units of the academy. At the same time, the leadership of China Social Sciences Press attaches great importance to and gives strong support and help, especially the responsible editor Director Feng Chunfeng has made hard efforts for this, and I would like to express my sincerest gratitude. The organization and liaison of the publication of this book are the responsibility of the Scientific Research Organization Department of the Shandong Academy of Social Sciences. Due to the limited level, it is inevitable that there will be deficiencies and even mistakes in the publishing work, and readers and relevant experts and scholars are kindly requested to criticize and correct. Editorial Board of Library, Shandong Academy of Social Sciences, November 16, 2016(AI翻译)

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