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The gentry were the elite class in ancient Chinese society, they not only had a high social status and prestige, but also played an important role in many social affairs, especially local social affairs, that is, the so-called "officials cannot leave the gentry and make a difference". As a special class, the gentry not only coincided with the fine traditions and Confucian teachings of the gentry in terms of their cultivation, career choice, social ideals, and life pursuits, but also adapted to the social governance needs of the feudal rulers. Although the gentry classes in different periods and regions show obvious regional differences in terms of number, meritorious reputation, way of advancement, social contribution, cultural achievement, etc., they converge in these aspects, such as the ideal and practice of obtaining meritorious fame through hard study, the career choice of meritorious speech and social exchange, and the concern for local affairs, especially the conscious participation in hometown affairs. Therefore, as an important part of the gentry class, the gentry in Gansu in the Qing Dynasty also showed obvious regional characteristics. For example, the Gansu in the Qing Dynasty, which included the regional characteristics of Ganning and Qingxin, and the characteristics of the times with frequent social turmoil, were reflected in its people's study, scientific investigation, and advancement. It can be said that the gentry in Gansu in the Qing Dynasty not only had the commonality of being this class, but also had the characteristics of being located in the northwest society. First of all, Gansu's backward economic and educational development level has led to a relatively small number of gentry classes compared with rich areas such as Jiangsu and Zhejiang in the same period, but the diversity of ethnic components in Gansu also makes the ethnic composition of gentry groups show diverse characteristics. In addition, in terms of the way to obtain gentry status, the imperial examination is still the main way for Gansu students to obtain gentry status, but obtaining gentry status and official qualifications through military merit awards is not only an important way for Gansu gentry to obtain gentry status, but also a shortcut for upward mobility in the objective situation of continuous social turmoil in the northwest frontier. From the point of view of social duties, the gentry's tradition of worrying about the country and the people has enabled them not only to pay attention to social affairs, but also to play a practical leadership role in many local affairs.
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台港及海外的中国现代文学史编撰研究
Research on the Compilation of the History of Modern Chinese Literature in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Overseas Countries -
明史丛稿
Ming History Series -
地理学思想史：以中国为中心的地理学大事年表：上册
History of Geographical Ideas: A Chronology of Major Events in China-Centered Geography: The First Volume -
四書辨疑
Discerning Doubts in Four Books -
晚年梁启超与五四“文化保守派”
Liang Qichao and the May Fourth “Cultural Conservatives” in his Late Years
