中国0—3岁托育服务需求与政策体系研究

内容简介

投资育儿照护是国家人力资本积累和经济转型的战略选择，构建0—3岁幼儿托育服务体系是积极应对人口老龄化的重要举措。本书利用全国代表性的微观调查数据分析了中国家庭0—3岁幼儿托育服务需求特征，评估主要发达国家家庭支持政策的实际效果，探讨托育服务体系对生育意愿、生育行为以及女性就业等的潜在影响，为构建中国0—3岁幼儿托育服务体系提供参考。中国托育服务政策目标不应局限于提高生育水平，更长远的意义在于未来人力资本积累和女性劳动力市场发展。

Investing in a larger range and higher quality of childcare is an important strategic choice for a country to seek human capital accumulation and economic transformation, and building a 0-3 year old infant and child care service system is an important measure to promote long-term balanced population development and actively cope with population aging. This book analyzes the characteristics of China's 0-3-year-old childcare service demand by using the national population and family dynamics monitoring survey data, discusses the potential impact of family parenting and childbirth support policies on family fertility intention, childbearing behavior, women's labor decision-making and career development, evaluates the actual effect of childcare service policies in major developed countries, and puts forward a 0-3-year-old childcare service policy system in line with China's national conditions. At the end of 2019, the kindergarten rate of children aged 0-3 in China was 8.26%, and the age of kindergarten children was mainly concentrated after the age of two and a half, according to the OECD statistical caliber (0-36 months), the current kindergarten enrollment rate in China is only 4.29%, far lower than the average level of OECD countries. The proportion of monthly childcare expenses to the average monthly income of families enrolled in nursery is 14.57%. The existing childcare services mainly rely on kindergartens, and the development of professional 0-3 years old childcare institutions lags behind. There are two factors restricting the development of childcare services: the demand side mainly comes from the concept of parents, who believe that there is no need to send someone to take care of them, and the children are too young; The supply side mainly includes children who are too young and institutions do not accept them, too far away/no childcare institutions nearby, and fees that are too high. The three factors that families are most concerned about when choosing a childcare institution are safety, teacher capacity and distance from home. At present, there is a lack of system for how to achieve childcare care in the past 2.5-3.5 years from the age of 7 months (the end of women's maternity leave) to 3 years old or even close to 4 years old, such a lack of system will affect the employment of women during this period, women may be out of touch with the labor market in the past 3 years, making it difficult to adapt to the needs of new positions, and then difficult to enter the labor market again. The construction of an effective childcare system can improve the overall level of women's labor force participation, help to increase the migrant labor force with rural household registration to engage in higher productivity and obtain higher income, and ultimately bring potential social and economic benefits from two aspects: labor participation rate and income increase. For more educated urban hukou women, the burden of parenting can be reduced from a better childcare system, thereby increasing the employment participation rate and more fully realizing the income brought by their higher human capital and the actual contribution to the economy and society. According to research estimates, the actual economic contribution of employment potential (including increased participation and income growth) unleashed entirely from the childcare system accounts for 4%-6% of the current contribution of women's total economic output. The enrolment rate of young children is related to a country's social welfare system, level of economic development and socio-cultural development. The level of economic development affects the supply capacity of childcare services, but it is not the main determinant of a country's childcare rate, and the social welfare model determines the childcare service supply system to a greater extent, thereby affecting a country's childcare rate. Traditional culture and values play an entrenched role in this, while demographic shifts and economic transformations are under pressure to accelerate adaptation of family childcare options by driving public policy change. The family-oriented public policies of major countries in the world mainly include cash transfers, subsidies in kind for services and kinds, and tax exemptions. Government public investment plays a key role in promoting the socialization of childcare services, and the construction of family policy system is an important guarantee for improving the enrollment rate and kindergarten enrollment rate. The development of childcare services is generally conducive to women's participation in the labour market. The direct role of childcare services is to relieve the pressure on families and women in childcare care, and realize that the government, society and families share the responsibility of parenting and share the cost of parenting. The productivity released by women from childcare is valued through participation in the labour market and as financial compensation for the nurturing function of government and society. Childcare services contribute to reducing gender disparities in employment rates and have a positive effect on promoting gender equality in the labour market, and encourage women to participate in the labour market in part-time employment. One of the original intentions of the development of childcare services is to increase the fertility rate, but the actual role of the nursery rate on the fertility rate is not clear. The development of childcare services tends to encourage women to delay the age of childbearing, and the increase in the proportion of children born out of wedlock is another unintended effect of the development of childcare services. The development of childcare services not only solves the problem of early childhood care, but also plays an important role in early education development. Since 2000, the average nursery rate of 0-2 years old and the PISA test score of 15-year-old adolescents have shown a significant positive correlation, and the higher the kindergarten enrollment rate, the higher the reading level of adolescents, the stronger the mathematical calculation ability, and the higher scientific literacy, and the male and female adolescents show similar characteristics. The childcare service system should be able to basically meet the childcare needs of all types of families, and there are differences in the childcare service needs of different types of families, which are reflected in the childcare schedule, childcare method, childcare content and service quality. The demand for childcare services for low- and middle-income families is met through government-led public childcare institutions or inclusive childcare institutions, and the diversified childcare service needs of middle- and high-income families are obtained through market-based childcare institutions. Childcare institutions are carriers that undertake childcare services, and can be basically divided into two categories according to the resource allocation mode and operation mechanism: one is government-led public or quasi-public childcare institutions; The other is to develop the childcare service market and build various childcare institutions in accordance with the market-oriented method. The policy tools for the development of childcare services can be divided into two categories according to the supply side and the demand side of childcare services: for all kinds of childcare institutions on the service provider, the focus is on encouraging the investment of all parties in society, stimulating investment demand, and expanding the supply capacity of childcare services; For all types of families on the demand side of services, the focus is on encouraging them to send their children to childcare institutions according to their own circumstances, so as to reduce parenting costs and release family productivity. The healthy development of the childcare service business and the childcare service market requires a good ecosystem, and it is necessary to strengthen the guarantee mechanism in terms of teachers, curriculum system, industry supervision, and financial investment.（AI翻译）

作者简介

程杰:（著）

程杰，安徽六安人，管理学博士。中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所副研究员，研究领域为劳动就业与社会保障。

曲玥:（著）

曲玥，辽宁沈阳人，经济学博士。中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所研究员，研究领域为劳动经济与就业。

李冰冰:（著）

李冰冰，山西平遥人，经济学博士。中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所助理研究员，研究领域为劳动经济与就业。

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