This book is the second volume of "A Review of the Industrialization of New China", which mainly looks back at the ten years from the basic completion of the socialist transformation of the People's Republic of China to the eve of the "Cultural Revolution", especially the eight years from 1958 to 1965. Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, in less than 30 years, New China built a poor and weak agricultural country into a socialist industrial and agricultural country with an independent and relatively complete industrial system and national economic system, sent the "two bombs and one satellite" to the sky, and stood tall in the world with its brilliant flame. The industrialization of New China has the characteristics of the times and specific institutional connotations. It is different from the current situation in the developed countries of the West in combination with capitalism, and it is a model of integration with socialism. Relying on the superiority of the socialist system has greatly stimulated the people's initiative and enthusiasm for work. This is the fundamental reason why it can overcome all kinds of difficulties and win high-speed development. The first 30 years of New China's development were full of ups and downs. There are obstacles from the outside, and there are their own mistakes. There are successes, there are setbacks, even serious setbacks. But in any case, nothing can stop it from moving forward. Looking back at the past and looking to the future makes us feel confident. The decade from the basic completion of socialist transformation to the eve of the "Cultural Revolution," 1956 to 1965, was an important period when the CPC led the people of all ethnic groups throughout the country to begin to enter comprehensive and large-scale socialist construction. It was also an important period for Mao Zedong to "learn from the Soviet Union" and explore the path of accelerated development of China's industrialization. 6950241 Although this period has encountered serious twists and turns, as pointed out in the Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Historical Issues of the Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China, great achievements have been made and important experience has been accumulated in leading socialist construction. Both positive and negative lessons are our precious assets. One book is titled "China's Economic Take-off Experiment." The concept of "economic takeoff" was proposed by an American economist. The industrial revolution combined with capitalism in Britain, which began in the second half of the 18th century, opened a new chapter in the history of human industrialization. This is a major social and economic change from manual production to machine production, agricultural civilization to industrial civilization, and traditional society to modern society. They are accompanied by a leap in the productive forces of society. Marx and Engels, in the Communist Manifesto, praised the astonishing productive forces created by capitalism in less than a hundred years, referring to this fact. Later, the American economist W.W. Rostow defined this phenomenon as "economic takeoff" when studying it. After completing the democratic revolution and the socialist transformation of the ownership of the means of production, China is committed to accelerating development and accelerating the process of socialist industrialization. Regardless of the social system factors, the situation faced and the problems to be solved in the industrial revolution in countries such as Britain are very similar in many respects. The author points out the "experimental" nature of China's economic take-off based on Mao Zedong's statement that he still has to "observe" the general line of socialist construction and the "Great Leap Forward" and to withstand the test of practice. That is, it can succeed, it may fail, or both. Later development, sure enough. The "Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Certain Historical Issues Concerning the Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China," adopted unanimously at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on June 27, 1981, divides the analysis and evaluation of this period into two, affirming the dominant aspects and pointing out its serious mistakes. The above-mentioned "Resolution" says: "After the socialist transformation is basically completed, our party has led the people of all ethnic groups throughout the country to begin to move into comprehensive and large-scale socialist construction. In the decade leading up to the Cultural Revolution, we have achieved a great deal despite serious setbacks. Compared with 1966 and 956, the country's industrial fixed assets increased by three times in terms of original prices. The output of major industrial products such as cotton yarn, raw coal power generation, crude oil, steel and machinery and equipment has increased tremendously. Since 1965, it has achieved full self-sufficiency in oil. A number of emerging industrial sectors such as the electronics industry and petrochemical industry have been built. The industrial layout has improved. The basic construction and technological transformation of agriculture began to be carried out on a large scale and gradually achieved results. The use of tractors and fertilizers for agriculture has increased more than sixfold nationwide, and rural electricity consumption has increased seventy times. Graduates of institutions of higher learning are 4.9 times more numerous than in the previous seven years. As a result of the rectification, the quality of education has been significantly improved. Scientific and technological work has also achieved relatively outstanding results. After listing this series of major achievements, the Resolution affirmed: "In short, a large part of the material and technological foundation on which we now rely for modernization was built during this period; Most of the backbone forces in the country's economic and cultural construction and their work experience were also cultivated and accumulated during this period. This was the dominant aspect of the party's work during this period. The Resolution then analyzes the mistakes of this period as follows: "In the past ten years, the Party's work has made serious mistakes in guiding principles and has undergone a tortuous process of development. With regard to economic work, the Resolution specifically pointed out: "The correct aspect of the general line for socialist construction and its basic points adopted by the Second Session of the Eighth CPC National Congress in 1958 is that it reflects the general desire of the broad masses of the people to urgently change China's economically and culturally backward situation. Before and after this meeting, comrades of the whole party and the people of all nationalities throughout the country brought into play a high degree of socialist enthusiasm and creative spirit in production and construction, and achieved certain results. However, due to insufficient experience in socialist construction, insufficient understanding of the laws of economic development and the basic situation of the Chinese economy, and even more because Comrade Mao Zedong and many leading comrades at the central and local levels cultivated a sense of pride and complacency in the face of victory, rushed to achieve results, exaggerated the role of subjective will and subjective efforts, and rashly launched the 'Great Leap Forward' movement and the rural people's communalization movement after the general line was proposed, without serious investigation and experimentation, so that the "Great Leap Forward" movement and the rural people's communalization movement were rashly launched after the general line was proposed. The left-leaning error marked by the 'communist wind' was seriously rampant. From the end of 1958 to the pre-Lushan meeting of the Politburo in July 1959, Comrade Mao Zedong and the Party Central Committee worked hard to lead the whole Party in correcting the mistakes it had perceived. However, in the later period of the Lushan Conference, Comrade Mao Zedong mistakenly launched a criticism of Comrade Peng Dehuai, and then mistakenly launched an 'anti-rightist' struggle in the whole party. The resolution of the Eighth Plenary Session of the Eighth CPC Central Committee on the so-called 'anti-party clique of Peng Dehuai, Huang Kecheng, Zhang Wentian, and Zhou Xiaozhou' was completely wrong. This struggle has seriously damaged democratic life in the Party from the central to the grassroots level politically, economically interrupted the process of correcting leftist mistakes, and made them last longer. Mainly due to the mistakes of the 'Great Leap Forward' and the 'anti-rightist tilt,' coupled with the natural disasters at that time and the treacherous tearing up of contracts by the Soviet Government, China's national economy suffered serious difficulties from 1959 to 1961, and the country and people suffered heavy losses. 6950242 in human history, every great social and economic change inevitably leads to the great development of social productive forces, that is, the so-called leap phenomenon, but compared with the situation under the socialist system, capitalism is inferior. During the industrialization period (1820-1900), the United States developed industry faster than other capitalist countries, but the average annual growth rate was only 5.8%-7.2%. 6950243 Despite serious setbacks in 1956-1965, the gross industrial output value grew by an average of 11.0 per cent per year at comparable prices. 6950244 The original value of fixed assets of industries owned by the whole people increased by 1.54 times in 1957 over 1952 and 2.53 times in 1965 over 1957. 6950245 This shows that after two revolutions, China's liberated social productive forces began to release greater energy. It is in this sense that the author tries to observe China's economic development and industrialization process during this period from the perspective of economic take-off, explore its inherent laws, study its positive and negative experiences, and draw lessons from it. This is a new problem. Whether it can stand up, I deeply hope that colleagues in the academic field will advise. Second, following the "Great Leap Forward" and the rural people's communalization movement in 1958, China fell into three years of severe economic difficulties from 1959 to 1961, and industrial and agricultural production fell sharply. This is a major issue in the study of contemporary Chinese economic history. This book attempts to use the general theory of economic crisis by the classic Marxist writers to reveal this unusual economic phenomenon, arguing that it is actually an economic crisis in the general sense of economic crisis, but it is different from the cyclical overproduction crisis of capitalism. The main reason for this was the food crisis caused by the severe agricultural harvest failure caused by natural disasters and work errors, which in turn transmitted to the industrial sector and caused a crisis in the entire national economy, which was aggravated by the treacherous tearing up of contracts by the Soviet government. The author defines it as a special form of economic crisis that has nothing to do with the basic system of socialism. The significance of this study is to show that the socialist economic system based on public ownership of the means of production is not only superior, for example, the amazing ability to mobilize resources and the possibility of allocating resources according to needs; Moreover, under certain conditions, for example, the attack of natural disasters beyond human resistance, and if economic work violates objective economic laws and natural laws for a long time or to a more serious extent, economic crises will also occur, not to mention natural disasters and "man-made disasters" at the same time. It teaches us that we must keep a clear head and have the necessary preparation and reserves. This was also one of the important backgrounds for Mao Zedong's proposal not long ago that preparing for war and preparing for famine was the people's strategic principle. So far, there have been many ways to address the causes of that severe economic crisis, which this book calls the economic crisis. From a comparative point of view, the author applies the "hypothesis" method to verify that natural disasters are more important factors than "man-made disasters 6950246. In some local areas and local links, "man-made disasters" may be the main factor, but from the overall perspective of the crisis, as is usually said, natural disasters are "the last straw that overwhelmed the camel", that is, the decisive cause of the final crisis. 6950247 In the study of historical problems, it is not common to reject the application of "hypothetical" methods to prove a certain statement or conclusion. This method is used in the Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Certain Historical Issues Concerning the Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China, which concludes that "without the 'Cultural Revolution,' our cause would have achieved much greater achievements 6950248. Third, in a country like China, which has many people and few people and is in the early stage of industrialization, from 1959 to 1961, it suffered a natural disaster that was not encountered in a century for three consecutive years, and the impact on the national economy and people's livelihood was enormous, and it was necessary to conduct special research. Chapter 19 of this book devotes a special chapter to "Natural Disasters and Disaster Relief in the 'Great Leap Forward' Era", and uses the "contrast between old and new" method to discuss the struggle against and relief led by the Communist Party of China and the People's Government, which is incomparable with successive dynasties and republican governments. In the 1942-1943 administration of Chiang Kai-shek's government, there was a great famine in the Central Plains. At that time, the magnitude and scope of the disaster were not as severe as in 1959-1961, and the harm and consequences were appalling. Of the 34 million people in Henan Province alone, 3 million to 5 million died of starvation (according to a Kuomintang provincial senator and American journalist Bai Xiude, 5 million died of starvation). The author experienced that famine year, when I was seven or eight years old. Witnessing the human tragedy of the poor selling their children and daughters (a neighbor family had no children, so they bought a scrawny boy), the rich took advantage of the cheap price to buy land. At that time, a shop not far from my house still had rice and noodles for sale, and there were hawkers selling cooked food along the street as usual, but there were many beggars, and it was not uncommon to die a terrible death on the street. In the years after 1959, New China relied on the collective strength of the state and people's communes to resist disasters and mitigate losses; After the incident, disaster relief was organized to try its best to reduce the degree of harm caused by the disaster. Abnormal deaths of the population in local areas are mainly "nutritional deaths". This is the concept proposed by Professor Sun Jingxian of Jiangsu Normal University in studying this issue, and whether it is appropriate can be considered and discussed. Its meaning mainly refers to the death of trophic diseases (edema disease, etc.), the death of nutritional diseases combined with other diseases, and also includes "complete starvation death" (i.e., "starvation death"). But only a fraction of the "nutritional deaths" (deaths from total starvation) are actually included in the figure. 6950249 may be more sophisticated than the concept of "unnatural death", because other accidental deaths are also "unnatural deaths". More importantly, it helps to distinguish the situation of the old Chinese drought year. Under the old social system, in the event of a drought year, although there were also official disaster relief and civil relief practices, their effect was limited, and they could not avoid the tragic fate of peasants going bankrupt due to disasters and destroying families due to disasters; Instead, the years of drought became a good opportunity for the powerful and rich to seize and annex land. It is necessary to distinguish between the different nature of the above two situations. During the three years of economic difficulties from 1959 to 1961, from the leaders of the country to the people of the whole country, except for the distinction between urban and rural areas and different types of work, basic rations were allotted according to low standards to ensure that everyone survived the famine. If this were not the case, but as in the old society, some people ate well and even continued to eat delicacies, while others would be unimaginable. IV. About the Structure of the Book: The Preface is a few notes about the book. The introduction lists the phenomenon of economic leap inherent in human society and the origin of the concept of economic take-off and Mao Zedong's concept of development. The main body is divided into five parts: the first part, the prelude to takeoff. Five chapters illustrate the historical prerequisites for takeoff, ideological and theoretical preparations, and the formation of the "Great Leap Forward" situation. The accelerated development in 1956, which was later summarized by Zhou Enlai as "leapfrog development", was actually a preview of the "Great Leap Forward" in 1958. It has accumulated positive and negative experience and is a necessary link for decision-makers to reach consensus. Without this stage of practice, it is difficult to understand the undivided leadership of the entire Party in the following three years of the Great Leap Forward. Part II, The Three Years of the Great Leap Forward. From Chapter 6 to Chapter 9, it is divided into four chapters, including Chapter 8 devoted to the "eight months of correcting the 'left'" in fact, which is the work of taking the initiative to carry out economic adjustment. Unfortunately, the success fell short, leading to more serious consequences. Part III, Unexpected Economic Crisis. The book treats three years of severe economic hardship as an economic crisis. To say that it is "accidental" is not only to have the character of chance, but also to the fact that traditional socialist concepts do not recognize its raison d'être. Chapter 10, after briefly explaining the general principles of the Marxist classics on economic crisis, Chapters 11 and 12 devote two chapters to analyzing the causes and main manifestations of the crisis. Part IV: The Struggle Against Serious Difficulties. It narrates the struggle of the party and government to lead the people of the whole country to overcome the economic crisis. The crux of the crisis, and the decisive factor influencing and determining the main course of the crisis, is the nationwide food shortage and the serious shortage of food rations for 600 million people. At that time, China was facing a comprehensive blockade by the imperialist camp headed by US imperialism, and the Khrushchov ruling clique of the Soviet Union took the opportunity to attack and fell into the ground, which made the degree of difficulty even more serious. Even without these factors, China's limited foreign exchange, the possible situation of the world grain market, for China, which has a population of hundreds of millions, the way out can only be to save itself mainly by itself. Chapter 13 is devoted to Mao Zedong's continued hands-on grasp of agriculture, thereby making breakthroughs and driving and promoting economic adjustment to liven up the overall situation. Chapter 14 describes the adjustment of the entire national economy. Chapter 15 describes the main situation of the "Congress of 7,000 People" and the Tenth Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, as well as their status and role in economic adjustment. Chapters 16 to 18 describe the recovery of the national economy and the transition period that follows for three years. Chapter 19 is devoted to natural disasters and relief during this period. Part 5, Comprehensive Observation of Takeoff Experiments. This article first examines the Great Leap Forward in 1958 and the three-year Great Leap Forward from 1958 to 1960, and then observes the period from 1958 to 1965 as a whole. The "Great Leap Forward" in the first three years and the adjustment in the last five years complement each other and can be regarded as a cycle of wave-like operation of the national economy. In 1965, at the end of this cycle, on the basis of the first five-year plan, the goal of initially industrializing society in about fifteen years, that is, three five-year plans, stipulated in the general line of the transitional period, was largely achieved ahead of schedule according to the understanding and requirements of the time. Its main symbol is: It has initially established an industrial system and machinery manufacturing industrial system with a considerable technical level and scale, and has begun to have its own high-tech industry, breaking through the cutting-edge of national defense in one fell swoop, and exploding the independently developed atomic bomb. This is the road that the developed capitalist countries took forty, fifty or even hundreds of years to complete. During the same period, some of the larger developing countries have not achieved such great development achievements on the road to industrialization. The reason why economic adjustment took a long time of five years, except for the factors of rampant natural disasters, a considerable part of the time and part of the additional capital investment was used to solve the problem of filling in and filling up in the three years of great development, so it should be treated as a compensatory investment that cannot be omitted. Without a few years of catastrophe, the adjustment will not last for five years. In addition, the author also raises a question on the processing of statistical data during the "Second Five-Year Plan" period. In the actual operation of the national economy, the original "Second Five-Year Plan" period has become two different stages. Premier Zhou Enlai made this distinction in his 1964 government work report. The current statistical methods are still a complete planning period, which is difficult to reflect the original historical situation and is easy to mislead, which is necessary to attract the attention of relevant parties. Fifth, it is necessary to explain that thanks to the examination by experts from the Publication Management Department of the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television and the Party History Research Office of the CPC Central Committee, he has put forward a lot of valuable opinions. The idea of this book is an experiment. Whether this view is valid remains to be tested. Expect criticism to be corrected. The content discussed in this book does not include Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. Author: April 15, 2015, revised April 5, 2017（AI翻译）