The so-called water control in this book refers to water conservancy projects and water conservancy projects related to canal excavation and transportation channel protection, mainly the treatment of the Yellow River; The so-called transportation refers to the water transportation related to the canal, mainly the transportation of grain. Since shipping is an extension of river transportation, water warfare is an extreme form of water transport, and shipbuilding is the cornerstone of water transport, this book not only studies water transportation in ancient China, but also studies the history of maritime transport, water warfare and shipbuilding progress in ancient China. Previous scholars have divided the history of ancient Chinese canals and water transport into four or three periods. Wang Huzhen's "The History of the Canal" published in 1935 divided the research objects into four periods from the perspective of engineering and technological progress: from the Spring and Autumn to the Sui Dynasty, no locks were used, only weirs; Tang and Song dynasties trial locks; Yuan, Ming to mid-Qing dynasty sluices for the whole river; The late Qing dynasty was the period of shipping and railways. Tan Qiqiang's 1955 book "The Changes of the Yellow River and the Canal" divided the research objects into three periods according to whether there was a central point and where the central point was: there was no central point in the pre-Sui dynasty; The Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties had a central point, but the central point was in the west; The center of the three dynasties of the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties was in the northeast. This book uses the theory of sustainable development to examine the history of river management and transportation in ancient China, and divides the research objects into two periods: the pre-Qin to Yuan dynasties were the period when ancient Chinese constantly pursued the dream of water transport and water transport was basically sustainable, and the Ming and Qing dynasties pursued a sustainable era in unsustainability. This division is much more reasonable than Wang Huzhen and Tan Qiqiang, and has a full historical basis. There is a buffer between the southern Sui and Tang Canal and the Yellow River, which connects to the Yellow River between Luoyang and Zhengzhou, where the soil is solid, the embankment is high, the mouth is easy to control, and the cement sand is adsorbed and digested by the Bianqu; The northern canal flows in and out of the Yellow River from its tributary, and the water level of the Yellow River is lower than that of the tributary, and it will not pour into the canal. In the Yuan Dynasty, the transportation was mainly by sea, and although the river transport cut through Huanghuai in Huai'an, the southern Caojian ship overturned the dam into Huanghuai, and Huanghuai would not pour the canal; At that time, the bed of the Yellow and Huai rivers was still lower than the canal, and river transportation was still sustainable. The Ming and Qing Dynasty Canal was passed through the lock in Huai'an and directly into Huanghuai, and ran hundreds of years after the Yellow River entered Huai, and the river gradually wanted to go east to the north, especially after the main stream of the Yellow River directly entered Huai'an in the early Jiajing period, and the three rivers of Huang, Huai and Yun met at Qingkou, exceeding the water conditions of China's rivers and exceeding the capacity of water conservancy technology. In addition, the corruption of officials and the accumulation of ink are difficult to return, the unsustainable drawbacks of river water are exposed, the aura of surpassing the previous generation of river water transportation is gradually dimmed, and the trouble of river management and water brought about by unsustainable qualitative change has overwhelmed society. In short, ancient Chinese water transport and water transport lasted for more than 2,000 years. Each dynasty transport has a quantity fluctuation and a stretch of range, but in essence, it presents two forms: the sustainable of the Ming Dynasty and the unsustainable of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. This book only divides the history of ancient Chinese water transport into two stages, the Xian Ming and the Ming and Qing Dynasties, arguing that the former is constantly fulfilling the dream of water transport in ancient China and is intrinsically sustainable, while the latter is determined to pursue the continuation of river transport in unsustainable. I. The process of water control and transportation in the early stage, from the Qin Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, is a history of continuous pursuit of dreams and continuous achievement of dreams. People of all dynasties and generations of benevolent people have made singing and weeping achievements in understanding the water situation, grasping the law, conquering rivers, and opening up transportation routes, constantly pushing water transport naturally to freedom of water transportation. (1) Three generations conquered natural rivers and opened the initial journey of water transport, laying the foundation for the survival of the ancestors and the establishment of the Chinese state. Living is the first dream of mankind. The ancestors of China suffered a monstrous flood, "when Yaozhi, the water went retrograde and flooded China, snakes and dragons dwelled, and the people were undecided." 5628412 the harsh living environment at that time is still chilling. Floods and animals are rampant, and it is impossible to survive without water. Therefore, Dayu was ordered to take the lead in the people's battle and finally defeated the flood, fulfilling the dream of survival of the ancestors. Dayu water control is a move of the ancestors to build dreams. They "ordered the princes and the people to prosper the people to use Fu soil, the mountains and the trees, and the mountains and rivers." Xingzhong sent out service, published wood dredging, and transformed mountains and rivers. Among them, Dayu played a leading role in the treatment of water, and he "injured his ancestors, and his father was not cursed, but he was anxious about his work, lived outside for thirteen years, and did not dare to enter the house"5628413. From Sima Qian's revelation of the content of Yu's "Dao Jiu Shan" and "Dao Jiu Chuan", and referring to other relevant records of the classics, it can be seen that Dayu controlled water extensively, covering the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, the upper and middle reaches of the Huai River, the middle and lower reaches of the Jishui River and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Among them, the Yellow River is more vigorously controlled, "east through Luoxu, as for Daling, north over precipitation, as for the mainland, it is sown north as Nine Rivers, the same is the reverse river, into the sea." 5628414 he ruled the rivers and rivers together, "chiseling the dragon gate, dividing the Yique, breaking the river and the river, and injecting the sea in the east." 5628415 After more than ten years of arduous struggle, "Kyushu Yutong, Siao Residence, Jiushan Magazine Brigade, Jiuchuan Diyuan, Jiuzawa Jiupi, and Four Seas Convergence". 5628416 mountains have roads, rivers are unblocked, lakes are not broken, and the ancestors can live in peace. After the water was cured, Dayu "made it beneficial to all the people, and planted humble and wet." After fate, the grain will be given to all the people for rare food." Yihe Houji promoted rice cultivation in low-humidity areas to solve the problem of feeding the people. Grain production is unbalanced in various places, "food is small, and surplus is transferred to each other, so as to equalize the princes." Yu Nai Xingxiang is suitable for all tribute, and the convenience of mountains and rivers." 5628417 Dayu then solved the problem of adjusting surplus shortages and paying tribute to the summer capital, and the dream of natural rivers and rivers. To this end, he set foot in the mountains and rivers, divided the world into Kyushu, and determined the tributes to the dynasty and their water transportation routes according to their respective soil products and the topography of the mountains and rivers. Only when water is controlled can the ancestors have living space; Planting rice, only those who live have food and clothing; Only through luck can the world have a sense of unity. It all started with water control and became water transportation. The moment Yu Shun successfully succeeded in the world, the Chinese nation first fulfilled its dream of living in peace and survival. Dayu water control is a magnificent song of the ancestors who bravely seek dreams and are good at building dreams. Water control equipment is extremely rudimentary, and the experience of overcoming floods is of great universal significance. Dayu water control laid the foundation for the ancient Chinese tradition of attaching importance to science and technology, respecting laws, avoiding harm and seeking benefits from natural rivers, and realizing free passage on water. Relying on his understanding of river water conditions and natural laws, he reflected on the painful lesson of blocking and controlling water, and used the method of dredging the sea to control floods. On this basis, he investigated the properties of various states, and based on the principle of entering the river nearby, he planned the world's tribute transportation route with the summer capital as the end point and the Yellow River as the main road, which was full of innovative spirit. The summer capital is near the river in present-day southwestern Shanxi. The six prefectures, where tribute transportation does not need to wade into the sea, use the Yellow River as the main road. From west to east, they are: Yongzhou from Jishi to Longmen along the river, Liangzhou from submersible into the river, from the Pu into Wei, from Wei into the river, Yuzhou from Luoshui into the river, Jingzhou from the river, Tuo, Tao, and Han waters will enter the river in Luoshui, Qingzhou enters the river through Wen and Jier water, and Yanzhou enters the river through Ji and Luo Ershui. The tribute needs to pass through the two prefectures of the sea route, and the leather clothes of Jizhou Island Yi enter the sea at Jieshi, and then enter the west of the mouth of the Yellow River; Yangzhou enters the river into the sea, from the sea to Huai, and then from Si into the river, the route is reasonable. Dayu showed a high wind and bright festival in the water, "thin clothing and food, filial piety to ghosts and gods." The chamber of the humble palace is to the ditch." 5628418 square is a well, and there is a ditch between the wells; Ten miles are accomplished, and there are mountains between them. Dayu not only controls rivers, but also engages in field planning. Its traditional virtues have become an exemplary force and pioneer inspiration for future generations to manage water and transportation. Dayu Transportation made full use of natural rivers and conditionally connected to some sea lanes, and basically continued this mode of water transportation until the Spring and Autumn Period. Of course, the Shang and Tuesday dynasties have their own innovative directions for water transport on the basis of the Xia dynasty. The Shang Dynasty had considerable understanding and utilization of ocean rafting, maintained effective exchanges of people and things with overseas, and formed a considerable scale of inland water transportation industry in China; In the Zhou Dynasty, the ability to transport troops by inland rivers was greatly increased, and large-scale troop transportation through natural rivers was carried out several times, effectively safeguarding national unity. (2) The Spring and Autumn Warring States slowed down the pace of maritime exploration and attached importance to the excavation of canals, and in the Spring and Autumn Warring States, the princes were divided and the wars intensified, and the unified pattern of three generations of water management and transportation laid down by Dayu could no longer adapt to the conditions of the times; The mode of transportation using only natural rivers also greatly limited the water transportation of the princes. As the King of Zhou increasingly lost his strength to command the world, the world was once again divided. The reunification of the world and the re-establishment of a unified dynasty will fall equally on the shoulders of the larger princes. As part of the dream of unification and the dream of strengthening the country, the dream of water transport has become the only way to enhance strength and unify the world, and the opening of canals has become the main theme of the times. The princes fought for space for development by manually digging the canal, "Since then, Xingyang has led the southeast of the river as a chasm, with the Song, Zheng, Chen, Cai, Cao, and Wei meetings, and Ji, Ru, Huai, and Si." Yu Chu, the west is connected to the Hanshui and Yunmeng wilderness, and the east is connected to the (chasm) ditch between Jianghuai. In Wu, it leads to three rivers and five lakes. Yu Qi, then between Lingji. Yu Shu, Shu guarded the ice chisel away from the sword, repelled the harm of foaming water, and passed through the two rivers in Chengdu. All these canals are available for boats, and the surplus is irrigated for flooding, and the people benefit from it." 5628419 Sima Qian's words cover the main canals opened by the Spring and Autumn Warring States and the achievements of the major princes of the Wei, Qi, Chu, Wu, and Qin states. Wu and Chu, who were founded in the Jianghuai River Valley, were the first to dig the canal and lead the world. As early as the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Wu people opened the 81-mile Taibodu, which was mainly irrigated and had the advantage of connecting boats. In the late Spring and Autumn period, Wu Zixu excavated Xu Xi from Suzhou through Yixing and Liyang to Wuhu to the Yangtze River in order to launch military operations against the state of Chu; Xupu was excavated to connect Taihu Lake in the west and the sea in the east to strengthen the defense of the Vietnamese state. Later, he opened a ditch between Jiang and Huaicheng, and opened water between the Yellow River and Jishui, so that Wu Guoshui's water army could cross the river and enter Huai, and trace the Yellow River west along Huaisi through Heshui, competing with the northern powers of Qi and Jin for a day. The state of Chu was vast, and King Wen's capital was Jiangling, and during the reign of King Zhuang, a canal was dug between Zhangshui and Yangshui in the southeast of Jiangling, forming a canal connecting the Yangtze River and Hanshui for 600 li. In the early days, the state of Chu relied on the Jianghan Canal to transport troops and annexed the Han states; In the later period, the state of Chu successively moved its capital to Yuchen, Juyang, and Shouchun, relying on the chasm system to destroy Yue and expand its power to the East China Sea. The state was founded in the middle and lower reaches of the Huang and Ji Erdu states of Wei and Qi, and the water control and transportation were catching up, and the following year after King Hui of Liang moved the capital to Daliang, he opened the river from Xingyang to Zhongmu, diverting the water of the Yellow River to Pushui, "entering the river into the Putian, and drawing water for the Dagou" 5628420 to Daliang. In the 29th year of King Hui of Liang (341 BC), he connected Danshui in the east to Danshui 5628421 the south through Chendi, and finally formed an artificial canal connecting the Yellow River, the Huai River and the Jishui River, benefiting Wei, Chu, Qi and other states successively. The capital city of Qi State is located on the seashore, opening the river between Zishui and Jishui, entering Ji and Si from the Ziji Canal, connecting the Yellow River and the chasm, and chasing the benefits of the Central Plains. The State of Qin, which was founded on the upper reaches of the river and river, paid attention to the benefits of opening the river and promoting agriculture. In the later period of King Zhao of Qin, Shu guarded Li Bing to open the capital Jiangyan, "the river is used as a dam, through the Pi River and the Jiangjiang, and the other tributaries cross the county to sail boats." The difficulty of 5628422 rehabilitation, the essence of dividing the water and the fish's mouth, the breadth of irrigating the fertile land, and the long-term effect make people marvel today. In the early years of the reign of the King of Qin, the Qin people opened the Zheng Guo Canal, "chiseling water from the mouth of the western residence of Zhongshan as a channel, and injecting more than 300 li into the north of Shandong, intending to irrigate the fields." ...... The canal is completed, and more than 40,000 acres of land are irrigated with filled water, and the harvest is one hour per acre." As a result, 5628423, the northern part of the Qin state became fertile and the southern Bashu became fertile fields, becoming increasingly rich and powerful, and finally unified the six countries and achieved the dream of great unification. During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, the greatest dream of the Chinese nation was to establish a unified country. Therefore, whatever form of annexation war the nations carried out at that time was the dream of unification, whether consciously or unintentionally. The digging of the canal is the only way for the countries to gain the strength and superiority of unifying the world. (3) The Qin and Han integrated the transportation roads of the countries, the dream of unifying the water transport at the beginning of the Great Unification, and then the journey of the dream ocean Qin Shi Huang patrolled the sea four times after unifying the world, and Emperor Wudi of Han patrolled the sea seven times, reflecting the Qin and Han dynasty's unification dynasty after Yin Shang to re-look at the four seas and revitalize its ambition to conquer the sea. Qin Shi Huang and Emperor Wudi of Han, out of the need to attack the Xiongnu in the north and stabilize the border defense, both integrated and rectified the northern transportation route, expanded and strengthened the unified transportation route, Qin Shi Huang transported the Su of the Shandong Peninsula to the Beihe through the Bohai Sea, and Emperor Wudi of Han gave full play to the effect of the transportation with the Yellow River as the trunk road. During the encroachment of the Qin State on the Six Kingdoms, Kaihe mainly focused on agricultural irrigation; After the destruction of the Six Kingdoms, troops were used against the Xiongnu and Baiyue, focusing on water transportation of grain and grass. Meng Tian led an army of 300,000 against the Xiongnu to use troops, and after repelling the Xiongnu to build the Great Wall, the grain and grass needed to be abundant, and it was far from enough to rely only on land relief in Guanzhong Province, so he "made the world slaughter, starting from the county of Huang, Qi, and Langxi and losing the sea, transferred to Beihe, and led thirty bells to one stone"5628424. Based in Huang County, Fushan County and Qingdao on the Shandong Peninsula, the transportation cost is very high to cross the Bohai Sea to Jieshi into the Beihe River to reach the military front and construction site. In the south, "he also made Wei (Tuo) Tu Sui attack the soldiers of the Lou ship to the south to attack Baiyue, so that the prison lu dug the canal to transport grain, and penetrated deep into Vietnam, and the Vietnamese fled." The canal that 5628425 hewn is the spiritual channel. The 63rd eunuch "Qin Shilu" article in the volume of the "Guangxi Tongzhi" is more detailed: "When the first emperor was born, Shilujian County was used. The first emperor felled Baiyue, Shi Lu transferred pay, and dug canals to open grain roads. From the source of water in Haiyang Mountain, Xiangshui flows north into Yuchu, and Rongjiang flows south into the sea, far from conspiring. For the sake of using the fierce water in the sand, stacking stones as a hammer, sending the stream of Xiang and pouring it in, stirring 60 miles, setting a steep gate 36, so that the water accumulates gradually, so that it can go up the cliff and build a bowl down, which is both through the boat and irrigation, and is called a spiritual canal. "5628426 with this canal, grain and wages were delivered from the Xiangjiang River to the front line, and the great cause of reunification was completed. Emperor Wudi of Han was unwilling to maintain the security of the northern frontier by losing money with his relatives, and chose to defeat the Xiongnu by war and eliminate the border troubles once and for all, which was the dream of all Han dynastyrs. The Huangwei Transportation Road is the lifeblood of the Western Han Dynasty, and the Guandong Caograin Transport to Chang'an, in addition to the danger of the three gates, there is also the obstruction of Weishui, which seriously restricts the scale of Caojiang. During the reign of Emperor Wu, the canal between Chang'an and Tongguan was opened to abandon the Wei Road, which greatly improved the efficiency of boats from the Yellow River to cross the three gates and enter Chang'an in the west; Sanghong sheep and precious corn are heavy on water, stimulate the potential of prefectures, counties and people, and realize the dream of 6 million stones of annual luck. Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, mainly relied on the Yellow River and the Bianhe River to transport the Huanghuai River Basin. At the turn of the two Han Dynasties, the river collapsed, and the fate of the transportation road to the east hung in the balance. During the reign of Emperor Ming Yongping, Wang Jing and Wang Wu were ordered to control the river, "build canals and embankments, from Xingyang east to Qianchenghaikou for more than a thousand miles." Jing Nai discussed the terrain, chiseled the mountains, broke the achievements, cut straight through the ravines, prevented the rush, dredged the accumulation, and set up a water gate in ten miles, so that there was no danger of relapsing and leakage. Although the scenery is simple, it is still tens of billions." 5628427 the two kings ruled the river and guided the lower reaches of the Yellow River from a thousand times into the sea, the new road chose a very strategic vision, and built a large embankment on both sides, so as to ensure that the Yellow River will not be rerouted for a thousand years thereafter, and ensure that the smooth transportation of the Bianqu can be carried out for two hundred years without major recurrence. This is a perfect river management action of the Ming Emperor and the wise ministers who meet and complement each other, and embodies the great power of building dreams in the early stage of feudal society. (4) The Three Kingdoms once again sought the dream of a canal power, the Six Dynasties stood firm in water wars, and although the overseas three countries were divided and confronted each other, Wei and Wu independently dug the canal to provide water transport support for the unification war, which was quite a big achievement. In order to unify the north and consolidate the border defense, Cao Wei successively built a number of canals, and at the place where Qishui entered the river, he used large wooden weirs to stop Qishui from entering Baigou, and built stone weirs at the intersection of Qishui and Qishui and the junction of Qishui and Suxu Gudu, forming the Baigou canal system, which effectively supported the war against Yuan. Later, the northern expedition to Wuhuan, "suffering from the difficulty of military food, chiseling the two channels of Pingyu and Quanzhou into the sea for transportation" 5628428. The Pingyu Canal flows from Tuotuo into the Lu River, and the Quanzhou Canal flows from the Lu River into the Lu River, and from the Lu River out of the Bohai Sea to the front line, successfully surpassing Qin Shi Huang across the Bohai North River. On the occasion of Yu Rong's horse, Lianxing high-difficulty canal excavation project reflects the will of the Cao Wei Group to strengthen the water transport country. After unifying and consolidating the north, Cao Wei later dug the Suiyang Canal, the Jia Hou Canal, the Qiaoyu Canal, and the Guangcao Canal in the Huaihe River Basin near the Eastern Wu Canal, and transported both Caoqiao and Tuntian, accumulated grain and transported troops, and gradually formed a deterrent and enterprising momentum against Eastern Wu. Soochow built the transport road with Moling as the center. After the construction of the capital Moling, the periphery was opened to improve the conditions for Jiangsu and Zhejiang ships to arrive in Beijing. In August of the eighth year of Chiwu (245), "Chen Xun, the captain of the school, sent Tuntian and 30,000 soldiers to the middle road of Jurong, and from a young age to the western city of Yunyang, Tonghui City, as a residence pavilion" 5628429. Xiaoqi is located on the source of the Qinhuai River in Jurong Realm, and from then on the river opens to Yunyang Xicheng to connect to the Jiangnan Canal, with a total length of 50 li. Because the middle section of the Kaining Town mountain range, also known as the broken gang. The broken post relies on 14 sections to block the water level, and the ship must be pulled by human cattle to cross the wall. Nevertheless, the river connects the Qinhuai River and the Jiangnan Canal, strengthening the connection between Moling and the Taihu Lake and Qiantang River systems. He also dug and dredged the transportation and tidal ditches outside Moling City. It turned out that the grain was unloaded from the Qinhuai River, and there were ten miles to the city of Jingshi Cangcheng, like a car turning, "Chiwu three years, so that the southwest of Yushi Xijian Chisel City from the north of Qinhuai to Cangcheng, the name of the fortune is profane." After the 5628430 is chiseled, the grain can reach Cangcheng directly. "Tidal ditch, opened by Emperor Wu. It connects Qingxi to Qinhuai with the tide of the river, transports to the west, and connects Houhu Lake in the north. "After the opening of the 5628431, the surrounding rivers and lakes are connected and connected to the inland rivers of the capital. Soochow not only expanded the tradition of water transport between Wu and Vietnam in the Spring and Autumn Period, but also had quite active sailing activities as far as Liaodong in the north and Taiwan in the south. Most of the northern dynasties were nomads who entered the Central Plains, and the water control and transportation were greatly backwards compared with Cao Wei. The Southern Dynasty could not manage water transportation out of Eastern Wu, and the overall level regressed, but carried forward the tradition of the Warring States Wu Yue in water warfare, inherited Eastern Wu's emphasis on water warfare and paid attention to overseas mantle, and continued the glory of Eastern Wu water warfare and navigation. The basis of water warfare is warship manufacturing and transportation channel development, and in a certain sense, it can be said that water war is a manifestation of extreme water transportation. In the twelfth year of King Chu Zhao (505 BC), "Wu Dazi finally defeated Chu Zhoushi. The boat division fought in the water battle, and won Pan Zichen, Xiao Weizi and seven doctors." 5628432 At that time, Wu Chu participated in the water battle with only hundreds of warships and thousands of water troops. The water war of the Six Dynasties was much larger than the scale, and in the battle between the Sun-Liu coalition army and the Cao army in Chibi, Liu Biao alone surrendered the Cao water army as many as 80,000, the Sun-Liu coalition army had no less than 30,000 water troops, and the participating warships alone Liu Biao surrendered the Cao warship "in thousands", and the Sun-Liu coalition army battleships would not be less than a thousand. At the end of Xiao Liang's reign, Hou Jing was in turmoil, and Chen Baxian and Wang Sengwen each led tens of thousands of sailors and thousands of warships, and the number of rebels was comparable to them, which can be described as unprecedented in scale. The navigation of the Southern Dynasty made great progress compared to Eastern Wu. The Eastern Jin Dynasty monk Fa Xian traveled by sea to India and Sri Lanka, and wrote "Records of Buddha Country" to record the Indian Ocean routes, reflecting the understanding and use of the law of the marine monsoon at that time. During the Liu and Song dynasties, there were frequent exchanges and exchanges of envoys with Linyi and Funan in the Indochina Peninsula, and commercial envoys such as Shiziguo, Anxi, Daqin, and Tianzhu in South Asia, West Asia and the Persian Gulf. The two dynasties of Xiao Qi and Xiao Liang continued the situation of Liu and Song overseas trade "boats following the road" and "merchants going back and forth", so that the overseas tribute exchange and non-governmental trade in ancient China entered the era of regularization. (5) The Sui Dynasty pioneered a canal water transport system centered on Luoyang and ending in Chang'an, reaching Zhuo County in the north and Hangzhou in the south, running north to north and west to east and west, and the Tang Dynasty strengthened and perfected this system to maximize its water transport potential. Moreover, it is connected to the Yellow River in a solid place on the bank of the middle reach, and there is a Tongji Canal between the Yellow River and the Huaiyang Canal as a buffer, the Yellow River and Luoyang are connected to Luoshui, and the Yellow River and Yongji Canal are connected to Qinshui, and Luoshui and Qinshui are tributaries of the Yellow River and are not irrigated by the Yellow River. The main reason for the Sui Emperor's opening of the Ji Canal and the Yongji Canal was certainly for the convenience of personal patrols and even play, but it was by no means without a little consideration of opening the canal to help the military country. The opening of the Grand Canal in the Sui Dynasty objectively reflected the Chinese nation's dedication to conquering rivers and realizing freedom of water transportation. While inheriting the Sui people's river transportation system, the Tang Dynasty not only adhered to the Silk Road starting from Chang'an, maintained and expanded land trade with Central Asia, West Asia, South Asia and even Europe, but also used Guangzhou, Quanzhou and other places as ports to expand maritime trade with Northeast Asia, South Asia and the West, and its open-mindedness and temperament surpassed that of the Qin and Han dynasties. Sustainable inland water transport and far-reaching external land and sea trade have created another peak of water control and transportation in ancient China. (6) The Song people pursued risk-free transportation and profit-making shipping, and although the Instrument Bureau was small but quite efficient, the Northern Song Dynasty built the capital Bianliang, mainly on the southeast side of the lower reaches of the Yellow River into the sea, and greatly reduced dependence on the Yellow River compared with the Sui and Tang Dynasties. In the south of the capital, there are Huimin River and Cai River to connect Chen and Ying, west to the Yellow River and Guanzhong Transport, northeast to Wuzhang River to connect Qilu, and southeast to connect Jianghuai. 5628433 the above-mentioned water transport network does not need to go retrograde three doors, and the annual transportation of military grain reaches 6 to 7 million stone, which is very convenient for water transportation. The capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, Lin'andi, is in a dense place with a dense water network in the south of the Jiangnan, with free access to the sea in the east, waterway transportation in Fujian, Gan, Guangdong and Gui in the west and south, and the Jiangnan Canal in the north connecting the Yangtze River, without the need for huge investment in water transportation to enjoy the benefits of water transportation. The inland water transport of the two Song Dynasties is sustainable, but due to the small size of the country, it lacks the radiance of the Han and Tang Dynasties. Consistent with the unintentional expansion of the land on land, the Song people also had no ambitions to exert their overseas ambitions, and their navigation and foreign trade were quite pragmatic, and the characteristics of mercenary were obvious. The two Song Dynasties successively opened the ports of Guangzhou, Quanzhou, Hangzhou, Mizhou, Fuzhou, and Wenzhou, and obtained huge profits from overseas merchants and local merchant ships going to sea, which were used to support domestic financial expenditure, and did not pursue anything far. (7) The Yuan people pioneered a new pattern of caograin shipping as the mainstay and river transportation as the supplement, the scale of caograin shipping is huge, and the river transportation system can be sustainable, not only accepting ships from all over the world to trade in China, but also organizing fleets to go to sea for business, pushing ancient China's water control and transportation to the highest realm, the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty were a nation on horseback, and they were originally unfamiliar with water transportation; It is also set in Beijing, and the southeast road of Caoyun is far beyond the previous dynasty, and the development of Caoyun cannot follow the rules. At first, I also wanted to follow the old system of the Tang and Song dynasties, but the initial test of river transportation was difficult, and instead reused the pirates to travel by sea, and after several explorations of new roads and various improvements, the efficiency of shipping increased greatly, "when the boat traveled sometimes, from western Zhejiang to Jingshi, but only the end of the day", the 5628434 annual transportation volume also soared from the initial tens of thousands of stones to 3 million stones. The cleverness of the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty lies in the groundbreaking dreams and fulfilling their dreams in the transportation of grain and grain, and also in the wilderness of their dreams and dreams in the Kaijeju River and the Huitong River, and even more brilliantly in the fact that they both carried out shipping and insisted on river transportation, and insisted on entering the Huanghuai River at the Huai'an Pan Dam, respecting the water conditions and water transport laws of China's rivers, and sustainably building a water transport framework. Second, the special history of the two periods before and after the history of water control and transportation in China has not paid attention to the essential difference between the Ming and Qing river transport system and the Xian Ming river transport system, has not examined the essential difference between the Xian Ming transport channel connecting the Yellow River in the middle reaches of the Yellow River and the Ming and Qing transport channel connecting to the Yellow River in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and has not paid attention to the huge impact of the Yuan Dynasty river transport on the sustainability of river transport after the dam in Huai'an overturned into Huanghuai and Yongle thirteen years later, which is the limitation of previous research on canals, water transport and river control. This book was fortunate to be written after the Chinese Dream and sustainability theory were proposed, and it was able to come out on top of the research perspective and improve the research conclusion. (1) The two phases of access to the Yellow River are close in shape but different in quality, and the Xianming River is transported to the Yellow River through tributaries or canals in the solid place between Luoyang and Zhengzhou in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, which has the benefits of the river without the harm of bad luck, reflecting the wisdom of the ancients in respecting the water conditions of China's rivers. Chang'an and Luoyang in the Yellow River Basin of the two Han Dynasties mainly relied on the Yellow River and the chasm system (mainly the Bianhe River in the Eastern Han Dynasty) to transport to the east. Chang'an connects the Yellow River with Wei Water, Luoyang connects the Yellow River with Luoshui, and Wei and Luo are tributaries, and the Yellow River cannot be irrigated. The Sui and Tang dynasties took Luoyang as the center and Chang'an as the end of the transportation. The north and south canals connect to the Yellow River through the Bian Canal and Qinshui, and the water level of Qinshui is higher than that of the Yellow River; Although the Bianqu uses the Yellow River as the water source, it is sustainable because it is adsorbed by the cement sand through the canal. The Northern Song Dynasty built the capital Bianliang, and the transportation was simpler than that of the Han and Tang Dynasties. In the south of Bianliang, there are Huimin River and Cai River connecting Chen and Ying, west has the Yellow River and Guanzhong River, northeast has Wuzhang River to connect Qilu, and southeast has Bianqu to connect Jianghuai, of which Bianqu alone transports 5 million stone of Jianghuai grain, which is deeply beneficial to water transportation. The Bianqu leads the yellow water floating boat, and the opening is in the middle of the river channel is stable and the soil is solid. Although these are no different from those of the Sui and Tang dynasties, as the river travels longer, its ability to absorb sediment decreases, and the Song people continue to transport water through the canal, which is more difficult than that of the Han and Tang dynasties. First of all, estuarine control is difficult. "Every year, Bianshui has the name of proposing to open, sub-opening, and preparing to open, where there are four or five places. Although the old estuary is not changing, and the trenches and others will also be widely measured, covering the age and moving 40,000 or 50,000. "5628435 often open and block, block and open again. Secondly, the cost of controlling sand in the Bianhe River is huge. In the eighth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1015), part of the water section was drained, and the labor was as much as 860,000. "Cut the bank along the river, and its shallow parts are sawtooths, so as to bind the water potential and make it a river." 5628436 the cost of sawing teeth and wooden shores is not small. Nevertheless, the unsustainable access of the transport channel to the Yellow River can be eliminated through continuous management of the Bianqu canal. Moreover, the Song people later implemented the Qingbian Project, which diverted Luo water into Bian, replacing the water source of the Yellow River, which is more sustainable. If the project was not later abandoned because the water was not enough to support the boats in the canal, but the construction of gates, the installation of more water tanks, strict management, or the construction of small boats, the project could be persisted for a long time. The capital of the Yuan Dynasty was Beijing, creating a pattern of water transport based on shipping and supplemented by river transport. Although its river transportation is not efficient, Jiangnan boats overturned the dam in Huai'an and entered Huanghuai, respecting the water permit. During the Hongwu period, the river and sea were transported simultaneously to the north, and until thirteen years ago in Yongle, the river transportation continued the practice of Yuanrenpan damming into Huanghuai, which was sustainable. The qualitative change of the river transport system occurred during the Yongle period. Yongle Junchen overly pursued safe and efficient river transportation, and the transportation channel connected to Huanghuai in Huai'an and went to the dam to use the lock and pass the gate for direct navigation, and changed the dam into Huanghuai to pass the gate and enter directly. Chen Xuan opened the Qingjiang Pu River in Huai'an, "from the west of Huai'an City Guanjia Lake, dug a canal for 20 miles, for Qingjiang Pu, channeled the water of the lake into Huai'an, and built four gates to vent in time." 5628437 after that, the boat passed through the four locks and went straight north into the Huai River, which can be maintained under the conditions of Huang, Huai, and Hydrological Transport. Because the bed of the Huanghuai River was still low at that time, the main stream of the Yellow River was hundreds of miles west of Hongze Lake and captured the vortex into Huai, although the Huitong River had a tributary of the Yellow River but the flow was limited, and the river sand would not come to Qingkou for a while. However, in the long run, the river transportation system laid down by Yongle Junchen was not sustainable because it did not take into account the changing trend of the Yellow River flowing into Huai, and once the main stream of the Yellow River directly entered Huaihuai at Qingkou, the rising riverbed would bring endless flooding to Hongze Lake and the Huaiyang Canal. This betrays the tradition of conditional and controlled access to the Yellow River by the Xianming Movement. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty were also a people on horseback, but they did not like the sea as much as the Yuan people and were good at using the sea, but did not hesitate to inherit the grain river transportation of the Ming people. The Ming and Qing dynasties adhered to the river transport system in which the Yellow, Huai, and Yun met at Qingkou, and when the Yellow River was harmful and difficult to maintain, they both stuck to the Yongle River system, did not want to restore the tradition of the Ming Dynasty, let alone did not practice shipping, and fell into the quagmire of bitter struggle with the Yellow River, which is really a great tragedy. (2) The sand content of the Yellow River in the Ming and Qing Dynasties is getting bigger and bigger, and the difficulty of river engineering has increased sharply, and the natural foundation of the Ming and Qing River is that the sand content of the Yellow River is getting bigger and bigger, and frequent breaches have made the geology on both sides of the river increasingly desertified, it is increasingly difficult to control the Yellow River and smooth the water transportation, and it is increasingly difficult to store the enemy yellow and maintain the balance of the water situation of the three rivers. During the Jiajing period, Huang Wei's "Miscellaneous Discussions on Governing the River" said: "Three generations practice the system of well fields." There will be a gully between the well fields, and the water of the gully will lead to the source of the water, so Jing and Wei... Fen, and Shen are divided between the Yong, Yu, Liang, and Ji Pingye ditches, and the water enters the river with few people, and the river is weak if the water is small. Therefore, the disaster of the Yellow River rush was not three generations ago. Since the martingale opened up the unknown, Li Wei did his best, and the well field was wasted, and the ditch was wasted. Therefore, the waters of Jing, Wei, Yi and Luo belong to the river, and those who enter the river are many, and the water people are prosperous. Therefore, the Yellow River rushed to the end, especially after the Qin and Han dynasties. "Since the 5628438 Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the well fields have been destroyed, the water and soil conservation has gradually deteriorated, and the sand content of the Yellow River has become more and more large, and by the beginning of the Han Dynasty, it had the name of the Yellow River. Subsequently, in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, social turmoil, the Five Hu Hu Hua in the Western Jin Dynasty, the Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty annihilated the Northern Song Dynasty, the Yuan Meng destroyed Jin, and the Yellow River Valley were all areas most affected by war, and the Yellow River could not be effectively managed. In addition, in the Han and Tang capitals of Guanzhong Province, the wars in the west and north were successively successful, many nomads were annexed, agricultural areas expanded, nomadic areas shrank, and forests and grasslands were seriously damaged, which also contributed to the increasing sand content of the Yellow River. Therefore, before the Northern Song Dynasty, the Yellow River entered the sea from the Bohai Sea and was less decided, and after the Southern Song Dynasty, the river gradually migrated south and became more decisive. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the main stream of the Yellow River passed from Kaifeng to Xuzhou and Huai'an, capturing the lower reaches of the Huaihe River into the sea. At the beginning of the Wanli Dynasty, "in today's terms, the river descends from Mengjin, flows eastward through the flat land of Zhongzhou, and drains between Xu and Pei. 5628439 not only does the river rise a lot above the ground, but it has also broken and diverted many times, and the yellow pan area on both sides of the bank has become increasingly sandy. After the opening, it cannot be blocked immediately, and the water is full of sand, and the shallow ones are several feet deep; And once the water is captured, it becomes a positive river. The river is so rolling around, the lower reaches of the river are all old roads in the north and south, and the location is sandy, and it is difficult to build embankments and bind water. When Yongle decided to abandon shipping and specialize in river transportation in the thirteenth year of Yongle (1415), he cut many old roads of the Yellow River when he would open the river; After the entire flow of the Yellow River entered Huaihuai at the mouth of Qingkou in the early stage of Jiajing, the soil on both sides of the Yellow River in Kaifeng, Xuzhou and Huai'an had long been desertified and increasing with each passing day. In the fourth year of Longqing (1570), Pan Ji tamed the Fupi River and built embankments to extract red soil, or dig sand and remnants, or transport them from distant mountains. Jin Fuzhi River embankment is strictly rammed, the embankment body must be solid and then stop, no other river workers control the quality so strictly, the river embankment is mostly built with floating sand, so the Yellow River in the Ming and Qing Dynasties is easy to decide and decide, and the conditions are very different from the Han and Tang Dynasty when the road connects the middle reaches of the Yellow River and the river travels north. (3) The social basis for the accumulation of corruption in feudal society and the fact that it is difficult to return to the Ming and Qing River Transportation is that the feudal officialdom is greedy and difficult to return, which is specifically manifested in the fact that there are fewer and fewer Qing officials to follow, more and more corrupt officials, big officials are greedy, small officials are greedy, and no officials are greedy. At the same time, cutting corners, the Dafa River harms the country and finances, the quality of river workers is getting worse and worse, and the Yellow River's harmful luck is endless and intensifying. Ancient Chinese rulers were greatly worse than the Yuan Dynasty. The political systems of the Yuan Dynasty, such as the system of accounting in the ear palace, the system of sub-sealing, the system of cowardice, the system of household registration of various colors, and the system of judging officials, were essentially that the Mongols and Semu people arbitrarily slaughtered the world, on the one hand, they rarely had a sense of clean administration, and on the other hand, they rarely imposed discipline and law-abiding restraints on subordinate officials. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, "since the dictatorship of King Boyan of Qin, Taiwanese constitutional officials have all obtained harmonic prices, often to thousands; and its sub-patrols, competing with the situation to fish and hunt and pay for it, such as the ratio of Tang debt and handsome. Therefore, there is a division of the wind, bribery up and down the public bank like a market, and there is no revival of the discipline. Su Zheng Lian visited the official office to the prefecture and county, and each brought the treasury to check the banknote and weigh the silver, and the city road "5628440. It shows that the officials of the Yuan Dynasty were inferior and the officialdom was dark. In the field of water transportation, Zhu Qing and Zhang Xuan made meritorious achievements, "father and son became prime ministers, younger brothers and nephews were all officials, pastoral houses were all over the world, warehouses and warehouses looked at each other, huge ships and sails were exchanged in Yizhong, and they rode in the gate alley, so they and Jingde and other Yi admired the golden talisman for thousands of households, accumulated money, and were self-satisfied." 5628441 Zhang Xuan's son Zhang Wei, "Officials participate in politics, rich than princes, jewelry fan, with tens of thousands." Every year, shipping fraudulently claims that it is not in the turmoil, and it is privately transferred to foreign goods for sale, and the momentum is overwhelming. Between Jianghuai and Jianghuai, the land house will be sold to the two, and others will not dare to get it." 5628442 shows the darkness of the maritime industry. Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty deeply hated the darkness of the late Yuan rulers, and after the founding of the country, he punished corruption and anti-corruption as for peeling the skin and grass. Coupled with the use of water armies engaged in maritime transportation, and the grain chief to host the transportation, to a certain extent, the immersion of greedy ink from the late Yuan to the early Ming Dynasty was blocked. Therefore, in the early Ming Dynasty, river management and water transportation were quite incorruptible, basically synchronized with the Yellow River's seizure of the vortex into Huai, and not directly into Huaihuai at the Qingkou. The descendants of future generations lacked the consciousness and will to punish corruption and fight corruption, and during the reigns of Emperor Xianzong and Emperor Wuzong, they disordered the dynasty and allowed greed, especially after the two emperors Jiajing and Wanli fainted, and after the Apocalypse monarchs corrupted the dynasty, the corruption of officials in the late Ming Dynasty became more and more prosperous. The Qing Dynasty was able to dominate the world by adopting a large number of Ming officials, and failed to deal with the corruption of Hecao in the late Ming Dynasty, and Kang Qianshi relied on the emperor's insight and iron fist to punish corruption and curb Hecao's job-related crimes, and could only maintain the minimum of clean and honest officials in the management of Hecao. In the last years of Qianlong, he recruited bribes and bad officials. Although Jiaqing Chu gave death to Hejun, it failed to eliminate the remnants of the Heshi party, so that later corruption intensified, spread rapidly, and all disasters were lost, constituting the unsustainable social cause of the Ming and Qing dynasties. 3. The Ming and Qing River Transportation Pursues Sustainability in an Unsustainable Ming and Qing River Transportation Compared with the Han and Tang Dynasties, there are three major changes: first, it joins the Yellow River in Huai'an, where the river has narrow banks and is prone to collapse; Second, in order to shorten the transportation distance, the meeting was held to pass through the old road of the Yellow River in Rusido, and the upstream water was very easy to break the transportation channel; The third north-south canal travels hundreds of miles by yellow. The major change in river transport in the Ming and Qing dynasties compared with the Yuan Dynasty is that in order to pursue direct navigation, the dam gate was abandoned at Qingkou, so that the three rivers of Huang, Huai and Yun met at Qingkou, thus forming an unsustainable and dangerous water situation of Ming and Qing River Transportation, which became the main problem to overcome in the continuous river transportation of the Ming and Qing dynasties. (1) The meeting of the Huang, Huai, and Yun rivers at Qingkou was the main reason for the unsustainable transportation of the Ming and Qing rivers in the thirteenth year of Yongle (1415), Chen Xuan 5628443 in view of the fact that "Jiangnan Caozhou arrived in Huai'an, led land transportation across the dam, and crossed the Huaida Qing River, and the labor cost was huge". The Qingjiang Pu River was opened, and four locks were built to send Jiangnan boats into the Huai River. However, the convenience of boating and the cost reduction in Figure 1 ignore the rationality of the original coiled dam into Huai, and there is no response plan for the future when the main stream of the Yellow River flows into Huaihuai at the mouth of the Qingkou and the bed of the outer river is increasingly raised, and the canal and Hongze Lake are poured back. At that time, the main stream of the Yellow River swam into Huaihe River, and the following year the Yellow River swirled into Huai, which would not endanger Qingkou for a while. Moreover, one river alone can transport four to five million stones a year to meet the needs of the capital and the north. The dream of safe and efficient water transportation that Ming people dreamed of has been fulfilled, and basically maintained He'an Caotong for decades. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the water level of the Huaiyang Canal was higher than that of the Huaihe River, "Before Jiajing, the water went from the mouth of the Li River to the outer river, and the situation was high inside, so the old and new Qingjiang and other locks were built to store high and clear water from Baozhuhu Lake." 5628444, the Yellow River collapsed and was diverted frequently, and more than 100 years after the Yellow River captured the vortex in the 14th year of Yongle, the main stream of the Yellow River in the early Jiajing period tended east to Xuzhou and entered Huai'an in Huai'an, and the bed of the outer river was rapidly raised, and there was gradually the danger of pouring into the Li River and Honghu Lake. At the turn of Longqing and Wanli, "the area around the Lihe River gradually accumulated silt." Only by working hard every year can we make a profit." 5628445 At that time, the water level of Hongze Lake was also low, and by the fifth year of Wanli, "the lake water has always been not five feet, the embankment is only seven feet, and now the embankment is increased to one foot and two feet, and the water is even higher" 5628446. The Yellow River Irrigation Canal and Hongze Lake are increasingly harmed. In the early Jiajing period, the main stream of the Yellow River entered Huaihuai for several decades at the mouth of Qingkou, and the river collapsed and deteriorated in the fourth year of Wanli, "the river broke Cui Town, the yellow water flowed north, the Qinghe estuary silted, the whole Huainan migrated south, the Gaoyan Lake embankment was bad, and Huai, Yang, Gaoyou, and Baoying were all greatly flooded." 5628447 Mingren was mired in a bitter struggle with the Yellow River. The Ming court appointed Pan Ji to tame the river, "build a weir to build a martial artist mound through the big and small streams to Funing Lake to defend the eastern invasion; Build an embankment from Qingjiangpu along the Liupu Bay of the Baochi Mountain to the east to control the overflow of Henan; Worried about the Hanoi rushing and eroding Caoye, Yan Wu Gate opened and closed, waiting for the Caoji ship alone, and in June the dam was built, the official and civilian ships were coiled by the dam, and the sand was not irrigated; More than 600 miles from Xu to Huai, the north and south embankments meandered towards each other. Therefore, when Huai Bi clears its mouth, a great river will flow into the sea, and the sea mouth will not be dredged." 5628448 has made achievements in the management of rivers and waters. And the above practice is theoretically summarized, the embankment of the Yellow River is high, forcing the Huanghuai parallel flow to enter the sea through the Qingkou, called using the dike to bind the water and brush the sand with water; Raising and strengthening the Gaojiayan and raising the water level of Hongze Lake to compete with the water potential of the Yellow River outside Qingkou, called Qingqing enemy yellow, which is the continuous road of river transportation found by Pan Jili. However, the Ming people had concerns about flooding the Ming Zuling on the other side of Honghu Lake. Pan Ji tamed the enemy Huang for more than ten years, and the ancestral tomb began to be flooded. In the twenty-fourth year of Wanli (1596), Yang Yikui changed his line to "divide the yellow and guide Huai", temporarily achieving the effect of "Siling water is peaceful, while Huai and Yang'an" 5628449. Yang Yikui divided the yellow, and even insisted on not blocking the Yellow River's yellow mouth decision, but instead accelerated the elevation of the riverbed and the bottom of the lake, and in the 30th year of Wanli, "the emperor did not block the yellow mouth with one kui, rushed the ancestral tomb, and rebuked the people 5628450". After that, the Ming people swayed left and right between storing enemy yellow and dividing yellow and guiding Huai, and the efficiency of river control became less and less. In the early Qing Dynasty, the river was not clear. During the period when Yang Fangxing and Zhu Zhixi were the general of the river, they basically continued the state of swaying left and right in the late Ming Dynasty to clear the enemy yellow and divide the yellow and guide Huai, and later, after a long period of exploration, they summed up the lessons of the river collapse, especially the unprecedented river decisive that broke out in the fifteenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, and the water conservancy of the upper and lower transportation roads of Qingkou was paralyzed, and the ruler suddenly repented and realized that continuous river transportation must return to the road of Panji taming and clearing enemy yellow, binding water with dikes, and brushing sand with water. Therefore, Jin Fu was pushed to the post of Zonghe by the Qing Shengzu, and Pan Ji's idea of taming the river was put into practice again. At that time, the Qing Holy Ancestor was freed from the important task of pacifying the San Francisco, and the Ming Jun and the wise ministers met in a storm. In the sixteenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1677), Jin Fu practiced the strategy of using dikes to bind water, brush sand with water, and store the enemy Huang, in order to adjust the water conservancy factors in the Qingkou area to improve the overall situation of the Zhizhi River, move the transportation mouth within the sphere of influence of the lake, and open the Zhong River to compress the water journey of borrowing Huang to transport only a few miles; Let go of flooding Sizhou City, raise the embankment of Hongze Lake without limit, and strengthen the effect of storing enemy yellow; The Great Monument built the embankment of the Yellow River, forcing the parallel flow of the Yellow River through the Qingkou and flowing into the sea. However, the Yun, Huai, and Huang rivers still meet at Qingkou, and the cost of managing the river and the water will increase day by day, becoming a social burden. (2) Huitong River intersects many old roads of the Yellow River in Luxi, and there are two places to lead the Yellow River to shorten the journey, during the Yongle period, the Song Li Institute held a meeting to lead the river through the Luxi Yellow River old road, and there are two places where the Yellow River is diverted to solve the dilemma of insufficient water sources of the Huitong River, which shows that the Ming people did not realize the potential threat of the Yellow River. Future generations have endured hardships for this to realize that it is necessary to end the Yellow River and spend great efforts to transform the Lunan Canal away from the Yellow River. In the ninth year of Yongle (1411), when Song Li and others reconvened the meeting to connect the river, they not only did not consider the harm of the repetition of the tragedy of "the water invading Anshan in the north, along the Huitong and the canal, extending Jinan and the river 5628451", but also deliberately arranged for two places to lead to the Huangji Luck. First, in the middle section of Zhangqiu and Shawan, Jiajing's "Shandong Tongzhi" volume 6 Yanzhou Fushan River "Huitong River" article is very clear: "In the ninth year of the Yongle Dynasty, Shangshu Song Li of the Ministry of Works suggested dredging. However, the river traveled south to Shawan, and traveled more than 20 miles north, and the rest followed the old road. From Jining, it leads to the Wen Sihu and the mountains and rivers, and to Shawan, it leads to the tributaries of the Yellow River from Jinlongkou, and the general name will be the river. "5628452 2 is the mouth of the Yutai collapse site, Yongle" In July of the ninth year, the river returned to the old road, self-titled Qiu Jinlongkou, Xiayutai collapsed the field, met Wenshui, and entered Yuhuai through Xu and Lü Erhong in the south. At that time, the Huitong River had been opened, the Yellow River merged with it, and the Caodao Datong "5628453. This situation continued until the late Ming Dynasty, when the Wanli "Yanzhou Fuzhi" volume 19 of the Cao Prefecture "Shuanghekou" article was downloaded: "The Yellow River enters from Cao County and flows east to the north of the prefecture capital, and divides into two branches. One of them enters Leize, and the other enters Yuncheng, which is called the mouth of the Shuanghe. Huanglinggang is both stuffed and dry up infrequently, and the water at the mouth of the Shuanghe River flows southeast into the Niutou River, passing through Jiaxiang and Jining to the mouth of the Yutai Collapse Field. "5628454 leads to luck, which is tantamount to drinking and quenching thirst. From the thirteenth year of the Orthodox reign to the thirty-second year of the Wanli era, most rivers were definitely harmed and connected to rivers. In the thirteenth year of orthodoxy (1448), "In autumn, Xinxiang Baliu Shukou also decided, Mancao, Pu, arrived in Dongchang, rushed Zhang Qiu, collapsed Shou Zhangshawan, bad luck road, east into the sea". 5628455 the following 46 years, similar rivers were repeatedly blocked, and the northern section of the river was harmed. Until the seventh year of Hongzhi, Liu Daxia built an embankment to divert the tributaries of the Yellow River in Shawan to Xuzhou, ending the Yellow Ji Transportation of Zhang Qiu and Shawan. Since then, the Yellow River has been concentrated in the southern section of Huitong. In the fifth year of Jiajing (1526), "the upper flow of the Yellow River overflowed suddenly, northeast to the Miaodaokou of Peixian County, cut off the canal, injected Jimingtaikou, and entered Zhaoyang Lake." The water of Wen and Si went south to the east, and the river out of the Feiyun Bridge spread north, silting up for tens of miles 5628456", directly paralyzing the Yun Dao. At that time, the southern section of the Huitong River was west of Zhaoyang Lake, and this area was low. According to the "Tongzhi of Shandong", in the sixth, seventh, eightth, nineth, thirteenth, thirty-sixth, thirty-eighth, forty-fourth, and forty-fifth years of Jiajing, and the twenty-first year of Wanli, the main stream or tributaries of the Yellow River rushed directly to Zhaoyang Lake, paralyzing the transportation. After a long period of debate and continuous attempts, the Ming people finally opened the Mi River in the 32nd year of Wanli, avoiding the yellow and traveling to the east of Zhaoyang Lake, and the harm of the Yellow River was alleviated. The Qing people did not lead the Yellow Ji Movement on the Huitong River, but the Yellow River attacked the Zhangqiu and Shawan sections of the Huitong River to form three high tides during the Shunzhi, Kangxi and Jiaqing years, which was no less harmful than the Ming Dynasty. In the seventh year of Shunzhi, the river broke Jinglongkou to break Zhang Qiuyun Road, and in the ninth year of Shunzhi, the Yellow River broke again. In August of the 60th year of the Kangxi Dynasty, the river decided Wu Shen, and the Great Slip North tended to Zhang Qiu, and entered the Salt River from the Wukong Bridge to the sea; In the sixty-first year, he re-decided Wuchen Mayingkou and rushed Zhang Qiu into the Daqing River. In September of the eighth year of Jiaqing, the river broke the Qiu Heng family building, and in September of the twenty-fourth year of Jiaqing, the river broke the Maying Dam, and rushed to Zhang Qiu into the sea. It shows that the river has been flowing into Huaizhou and Huai'an for a long time, the riverbed is too high, and the lower reaches of the Yellow River are gradually changing course. (3) The canal is connected to the Yellow River, which is essentially different from that of the Sui and Tang Dynasties: the northern canal of the Sui and Tang Dynasties is connected to the Yellow River through Qinshui, and the southern canal is connected to the Yellow River through the Tongji Canal. Although the Tongji Canal uses the Yellow River as the water source to float boats, the bank foundation where the river enters the river is solid, and the long river body adsorbs and digests cement sand; Qinshui on the north bank is a tributary of the Yellow River, and the water level is higher than that of the Yellow River, and the Yellow Water is not able to reverse the Qinshui and is sustainable. The Ming and Qing Canal directly connects to the Yellow River downstream, where the soil is sandy, the dikes are weak, and there are many decisive collapses, and the three rivers of Huang, Huai and Yun meet at Qingkou, and the north of Qingkou travels hundreds of miles by Huang. Maintain the balance of the water potential of the three rivers and ensure that the river is safe and watery. In the early Jiajing period, the main stream of the Yellow River flowed directly into Huaihuai at Qingkou, and decades later, problems accumulated. The first is to use the yellow luck to be dangerous. The passage between Xuzhou and Pizhou in the late Jiajing Dynasty was repeatedly troubled by the bursts of the Yellow River, and the flood paralyzed the passage and rushed into Zhaoyang Lake, causing widespread harm. Jiajing "In the autumn and July of the 44th year, the river moved north, and the Feiyun Bridge of the decisive pei crossed the countercurrent, traveled eastward, entered Zhaoyang Lake, and flooded east. The flat land is full of water, scattered and slow, the sand river to the second flood is endless, and the river becomes extremely "5628457. In July of the third year of Longqing, "Hedupei County, since Kaocheng, Yucheng, Cao, Shan, Feng, and Pei arrived in Xu, all of them suffered." The floating fields are innumerable, and more than 2,000 boats are blocked from entering Pizhou 5628458. The second is the collapse of the mechanism of Qingkou to store enemy yellow, "the river overflowed from the Qinghe River to the west of Huai'an City, silted up for more than 30 miles, and the two dams of Dufang and Xin went out to sea, and the water depth of the flat land was long." The embankment of Baoying Lake collapsed". 5628459 the authorities opened the river to discharge floodwaters, which did not treat the symptoms enough. In the autumn of the fourth year of Longqing, the river decided to settle again, "from Caojiakou to the Zhihe of Qi Zhi Ninety li, Xu is Pinglu." 930 ships were transported, more than 400,000 stone of grain, and hundreds of official and civilian ships." In the fifth year of the 5628460 Wanli (1577), it was the town of Cui Town, and the river collapsed and deteriorated, an unprecedented disaster. Faced with the collapse of the river, the Ming people neither resorted to maritime transport nor restored the Han and Tang dynasties to the Yellow River in the middle reach, but chose to continue river transportation. On the one hand, the river channel was overhauled, the river embankment was high, and the double water bundle system of remote and wisp embankments was implemented in some sections of the river. Pan Ji Tao Longqing repaired the Pi River in five years, went all out to cure the root cause, sent 50,000 Dingfu to open the Spoonhead Bay, blocked 11 ports, built 30,000 zhang of embankments, and dredged 80 li of transportation roads, effectively cleaning up the chaos. After that, the river embankment continued to be built, and Shangshu Zhu Heng, the Ministry of Works of Longqing's sixth year, suggested that "370 li of the Xuzhou to Suqian Long Causeway be built, and the Zhifeng and Peida Yellow Causeways should be built." In February, the governor suggested that "the lowest terrain, such as Qingtian in Xuzhou, Lüliang Daqutou set 60 li, and Zhihe to Suqian Xiaohekou 70 li, all of them should build embankments, and the work is the most urgent." From the mouth of the small river to the Taoyuan Qinghe 140 li, it is advisable to build a wisp of water embankment, and the Qinghe grass bay should be plugged, followed by work. Xuzhou to the tea city is forty miles, it is advisable to connect to the small embankment, and the tea city to the border of Cao County." In the sixth year of 5628461 Wanli, Pan Ji came out to control the river, build embankments and build rivers, and the Dazhi River collapsed and ruined the chaos. These works are necessary if the river transport policy is to continue. The inner and remote embankment, the flood season rushes out of the embankment, to the end of the remote embankment to become a strong crossbow, can not break the remote embankment as a harm to the outside of the embankment. This system was gradually practiced by the late Ming people, and practiced by the Qing people. On the other hand, new canals are constantly being opened to compress the water journey of the yellow journey. In the thirty-second year of Wanli (1604), Li Hualong of Zonghe started the Kaiyu Project. By March 33, "260 li across the Mi River, more than 16,000 ships in two years" 5628462. Cao Shiping, who succeeded Li Hualong as the general river, continued to promote the follow-up project of Kaiwei to complete his achievements. In the 34th year of Wanli, the river was picked up from Zhuwang and Jiancheng Jida small pontoon bridges, which were 170 li long, and standardized the waterway of the Yellow River east of Zhaoyang Lake. The above project enabled the boat to cross Qingkou to Pizhou and go north, no longer bypassing the Yellow River west of Pizhou. Qingren Jin Fu continued this line of thought and governed the river. Its surpassing Ming people lies in letting go of the city of Sizhou and the Ming Zuling Tomb to clear the enemy yellow, and on this basis, continue to compress the distance of borrowing yellow. After he changed the Soap River, in view of the fact that from Qingkou to Zhangzhuang Yunkou, borrowing Huang Xingyun for more than 200 li, and the heavy transport boat went north dangerously, and it took two months for the slow one to travel, so he connected Zhangzhuang Yunkou and entered the Pingwang River in Andong from Tao, Qing, Shan, and Anxian counties, and opened the Zhonghe River about 270 li long, so that as soon as the Jiangnan Caoboat came out of Qingkou, that is, the Yellow River was cut off from Zhongjiazhuang into the Middle River into the Soap River to join the Mi River, compressing the water distance of borrowing Huang to transport only 7 li. (4) The Ming and Qing dynasties struggled to maintain river transportation and fight against nature, and on the whole, the incompatibility between the Yellow River and the canal was not worth the loss, and the harm caused by the Yellow River to the filling and silting of the canal and Hongze Lake was slightly shared by people of insight at home and abroad: the Yellow River is also the thief of the canal. If you use one of them, there will be one mile of harm, and avoiding one of them will have one mile of benefits. 5628463 (Li Hualong's "Discussion on Opening the Mi River") The dangerous section of the Grand Canal is in the Yellow River Valley. It will soon disappear here. Its riverbed is easily filled with sediment. Ditches will be broken, routes will be blocked. The entire Grand Canal would be completely abandoned as a result. 5628464 (D. Al Qaeda, "Canal Empire") The Ming and Qing dynasties insisted on river transportation, refused to ship by sea, ignored the sandy and silted water conditions of the Yellow River, stubbornly wanted to continue the water transportation under the condition that the Yellow, Huai, and Yun met at Qingkou, resisted the laws of nature with manpower, and relied on troubled river workers to barely maintain the water balance of the three rivers in Qingkou , and successively made some amazing breakthroughs, able to continue the river transportation to the point where it can no longer continue, its spirit of resistance can be sung and wept, but the price paid is catastrophic, heavy and painful. If the supreme ruler restores shipping at the right time when the river collapses, or allows the shipping channel to connect to the Yellow River in the middle of the river, or develops agricultural production in and northern China to reduce the dependence on river transportation of grain, then it will be the dream of water control. The cost of Ming Ren to govern the river is still low, and the major river work is only hundreds of thousands of taels. In the sixth year of Wanli, the Panji Taozhi River "built more than 60 li of Gaojiayan embankment, more than 40 li of Qui Nhon embankment, more than 70 li east and west of Liupu Bay embankment, 130 points of Sai Cui Town, etc., more than 56,000 zhang of Yaojia embankments on both sides of Xu, Sui, Pi, Su, Tao, and Qing, one dam each for Dang and Feng, more than 140 li of Xu, Pei, Feng, and Dangwi embankments, four stone dams for water reduction in Cui Town, Xu Sheng, Jitai and Sanyi, moved to the south of Ganluo City, and built all the embankments between Huai and Yangji"5628465. In the 11th year of the Kangxi Dynasty, Jin Fu ruled the river for 11 years, and "the total estimated amount of silver before and after the calculation was more than 3.33 million taels of silver, and more than 3.03 million taels of silver should have been used, and more than 2.76 million taels of silver should have been used after the completion of the accounting of the ministers." The cost of 5628466 river access is still low. Later, the cost of river treatment increased wildly. Qianlong: "In the forty-fourth year, Yi sealed the plug of the river and allocated 5.6 million taels of silver. In 47 years, Lanyang broke the blockage of the river, and in addition to the labor materials required by the example, the price was increased to 9,453,000 taels. ...... A large number of large projects are carried out at one time, more than thousands, and a few millions. In Jiaqing, the price was increased to 7.3 million taels. From 10 to 15 years, Nanhe was a case of emergency repair and other projects, with a total of 4,000 silver and 990,000 taels, while Majiagang did not work with the big work. Twenty years of work, the price was increased to more than three million taels. In Daoguang, the East River and the South River were repaired in different cases, and for another project, the East River rate allocated more than 1.5 million taels, and the South River rate allocated more than 2.7 million taels. More than 40 million in more than ten years. (Daoguang) In six years, the Nanhe Wangying was allocated to open the dam and weir and the silver of the embankment, which was 5.17 million taels. Twenty-one years, Donghe Xianggong allocated 5.5 million taels of silver. In 22 years, Nanhe Yanggong allocated 6 million taels. In 23 years, the Donghe Mugong allocated 5.8 million taels, and later added "5628467. Of course, there are factors that the bed of the Yellow River is getting higher and higher, and the Yellow River breaking mouth is becoming more and more difficult to block, but the main reason is that officials are full of corruption. Bao Shichen's "Biography of Guo Jun" revealed that four-fifths to seven-eighths of the river work done by corrupt officials during the Jiaqing period was corrupt by officials. Guo Dachang's river work cost is good and labor-saving, and the old dam worker in the late Qianlong period broke the mouth, and the total river was willing to take out 500,000 taels to let Guo Dachang use 50 days to complete the work, and Guo Dachang only took 100,000 taels or 20 days to complete; The governor of Nanhe was afraid that Guo Dachang would be too much, so he cut off half and handed it over to Guo Dachang to work for work. 'The river governor has a hard time. Jun Yu: 'With 150,000 workers, 150,000 employees together, do you think it is less?' The river governor was stunned. 5628468 He Governor was embarrassed, and then furious, because the less money Guo Dachang used, the greater the proportion of corruption exposed by river workers. In fact, many people of insight in the Ming and Qing dynasties suggested opening Qin Tongwei to restore the sustainable state of cutting across the Yellow River between Tang, Song, Yuluo and Zheng. In the fourth year of Jingtai (1453), Jiang Liangcai wanted to pass through the river to Yuwei, and transported through the south of the river to Hebei, "now guide the river to the guard, winter and spring level, Caozhou to Heyin, and go down the river to Wei." In the summer and autumn, Shuixun still arrived in Beijing from Xu and Peida Linqing in the north." In the seventeenth year of the Shunzhi 5628469 Qing Dynasty (1660), Jiang Tianshu, the minister of the ministry, also mentioned that "the former affairs of Jiang Liangcai wanted to guide the river to guard and increase the road of fortune"5628470, but the ruling group followed the old ways and had no intention of returning to a sustainable state. IV. Shortcomings in Water Control and Water in Ancient China (1) The ruling class at the end of feudal society followed the old ways, so it took a self-style, and the Chinese nation has always yearned for the sea. The people of Beijing's mountaintop cave, Shandong's Dawenkou, and Zhejiang's Hemudu all live on the sea. According to the "Records of History", the Yellow Emperor once went east to the sea, Dayu once entered the sea at Jieshi, and Qin Shi Huang once "and east of Bohai, passed through the yellow and blush, became poor into mountains, climbed the fu, and stood stone to praise Qin Deyan"5628471. It passed through Huang County, Muping and Wendeng in the present-day coastal area of Shandong, and circled into a mountain corner to Qingdao. The Chinese nation has always had a seafaring practice. In the Dayu era, the Yangzhou tribute transport route followed the "Jianghai to Huaisi", that is, the river went north to Huaisi, and retrograde Huaisi entered the Yellow River, transporting tribute to the summer capital on the bank of the Yellow River. According to the "Book of Poetry and Ode to Shang", Shang's ancestor developed to the coast of the Bohai Sea in the late Xia Dynasty, and subjugated the island by force; Modern Yinxu archaeology shows that after the founding of the Shang Dynasty, sea shells and tortoise shells were obtained from the sea. According to the Han accounts recorded in the "Records of History", Qin Shi Huang once sent grain and food to Beihe by Bohai Sea. According to Du Fu's poetry, Sheng Tang once shipped silk and rice from Wuyue to Youyan, and the Yuan Dynasty always insisted on shipping grain as a capital, and always maintained ocean-going foreign trade. During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, Zheng He sailed to the West seven times, creating the world's most navigational record at that time. Tens of thousands of people and hundreds of giant ships formed the largest fleet in the world before World War II, and they traveled between China and the Arab world and the east coast of Africa several times, fully loaded and returned safely. And before that, there was also the practice of shipping hundreds of thousands of stones of grain from Beiping and Liaodong every year. However, in the thirteenth year of Yongle, once the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal could transport three to four million stones per river alone, Chengzu issued an edict to stop shipping and specialize in river transportation, and then announced a ban on the sea. How cowardly this is, so that future generations want to be deterred by means and experience when the river collapses, or they are only worthy of sticking to the river transport. Longqing and Wanli's turn, "Wang Zongmu Governor, please go by sea." The edict ordered 120,000 stones to be transported from Huai into the sea." Because of "seven ships of bad grain transported on Jimo Fushan Island, thousands of stones of floating rice, and fifteen drowning soldiers", he was "given affairs and handed over to the imperial history to judge their loss", and was 5628472 by the supreme ruler. On the surface, it seems that the rulers are very concerned about the loss of people and grain, but the river transportation of grain will also cause people to lose grain, because the insistence on river transportation distorting the nature of the river caused by the drowning of the Yellow River can often be tens of thousands, 100,000, and millions, because of the river disaster, grain production is reduced or even harvested in millions of stones, tens of millions of stones, and the two inputs of large industrial and financial banks to control the river are often tens of thousands, 100,000 taels, and million taels. Moreover, the loss of human food by Wang Zongmu's test of shipping was smaller than that of the Yuanren pirates' first test of shipping. Wang Zongmu did not have the courage to find pirates to participate in the trial operation, and he was no longer as good as the Yuan people, and the Ming court stopped the trial shipping because of a small loss, and his enterprising spirit was even weaker, and his enterprising spirit was seriously degraded. The Qing people had ready-made shipping resources and experience and were reluctant to ship grain by sea. During the Kangxi Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty shipped grain from the coast to help eastern Liaoning and northern Mobei, and the entire Kang Qian dynasty officially insisted on shipping grain along the coast for disaster relief or stabilizing grain prices; Jiangsu and Zhejiang people have long had sand ships to Liaodong to transport beans back to Jiangnan, cultivating strong shipping strength and technical experience. With such a maritime foundation, not only did Kang Qianshi encounter a river collapse, no one decided to use sea transportation, but when the river was transported to the point of exhaustion, Daoguang Six Years Qishan and Tao Shu and other feudal officials shipped 1.8 million stone of Jiangsu grain to Tianjin, and such a perfect shipping action did not make Emperor Xuanzong of Qing ecstatic at all. When the minister Shangshu Daoguang returned to shipping in seven years, Emperor Xuanzong of Qing took the hope of river transportation to resume, and categorically issued an edict to stop shipping and resume river transportation, and followed the old ways to the point of making Ling Zhi faint. (2) The experience of river management and transportation has not been fully inherited, and the technology of river control has been cut off from the Tang and Song Canal to the Yellow River in the middle reaches of the riverbank, but the Yuan, Ming, and Qing did not understand the necessity of doing so, but insisted on connecting the Yellow River downstream to Huai'an; Although the Yuanren Transport Road was connected to Huanghuai and Huai'an, they insisted on overturning the dam and entering Huanghuai, and the Ming and Qing dynasties did not understand the necessity of doing so, so they had to pass through the four locks and enter Huanghuai; In the Yuan Dynasty, the sea transportation of grain was mainly carried by river, supplemented by river transportation, and the Ming and Qing dynasties did not understand the rationality and necessity of doing so, so they had to transport all grain by river and refused to transport it by sea. The successful experience of the previous generation is not followed by future generations, but the descendants do the opposite, and fall into the unsustainable misunderstanding in pursuit of the so-called safe and efficient transportation, which is the biggest and most obvious regret of water control and transportation in ancient China. In addition, there are two other regrets. First, the most successful experience of the previous generation in river management and water management has not been thoroughly eaten by future generations and re-created examples; On the contrary, future generations have greatly admired the large, empty talk of river management that has not been put into practice. The success of the two Hanzhi Rivers is no more than the Wang Jingzhi River, and its successful experience is to choose the most profitable route for it to enter the sea according to the law of diversion of the Yellow River, and stabilize it there with a large embankment, so that it flows into the sea in parallel; The second is to recognize the incompatibility between the Yellow River and the canal, build its embankment and resolutely separate the Bianqu from the Yellow River, and minimize the influence of the canal by the Yellow River; The third is to use the technology of standing a water gate in ten miles to make the yellow water more reciprocal to dissolve the flood peak of the Yellow River during the flood season. Although several scholars have praised Wang Jingzhi River in academic works for thousands of years, few of the river governors who are responsible for river management have devoted themselves to studying the essence of its success, let alone replicating its success under new water conditions. The Northern Song Dynasty was an eventful autumn for the Yellow River, with frequent diversions and more frequent decisions, and it was just right to carry forward Wang Jingzhihe's spirit of seeking truth from facts and daring to innovate, but the civil servants were happy to talk about the management of the river by Jingyi, and used Dayu to control the water and the Western Han Jia to control the river with three strategies to set the Northern Song River situation. For example, when Chen Shunyu was crossed, Shang Hu was determined and difficult to block, and the river could not be saved, he wrote "Say River" to try to deduce the conclusion of river management from the scriptures, "Mencius said: Yu's journey to the water is also in the earth." The wise do what they do, and they are evil to the wise. Confucius works, the law of Yu endures; Meng's out, Yu's law Yiming. Alack! Those who do not rule by the law of Yu will also be dismissed by their nature." Even he felt that when he said this about the space cave, the end of the text hugged the feet of the Buddha on the river of Western Han Jia and suggested that the emperor "let the people be relaxed, and the good plan of the world is also the good plan of the world"5628473. This is tantamount to saying that if you don't cure it, you will cure it, and wherever the water flows, you will move the common people away. It's really pedantic. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, faced with river collapse and decay many times, neither could it abandon the river from the sea, nor did he want to restore the Sui-Tang Transportation Road to connect to the Yellow River in the middle reach, nor could it be separated from the 500-li journey of Huang Xing, in this case, only by building a dike to bundle Huang through Qingkou would Huai enter the sea. However, at that time, most of the river ministers took Jia Rang's three strategies for managing the river as a guideline, thinking that the river division was weak, and if it was weak, it was not easy to reverse the mouth and the mouth of the lake. As everyone knows, the river divides and flows slowly, and the sand stops, which will accelerate the elevation of the riverbed and accelerate the collapse of the water transport mechanism of the intersection of the three rivers. Second, the loss of specific river engineering and water conservancy technology is also very sad. The reopening technology of the Northern Song Dynasty, in the canal with a large drop in water level, build two single locks at a distance of ten or dozens of zhang, open the upper lock to enter the ship, close the lock and open the lower lock to exit the ship, which can effectively save water sources. However, after a hundred years in the Yuan Dynasty, most of the grain was transported by sea, and no one paid attention to the canal water conservancy facilities, and the technology of resuming the gate had been lost in the early Ming Dynasty. The dozens of gates built by Song Li and Chen Xuan in Huitong River and the four gates built by Puhe in Qingjiang were all single gates, and they were not rebuilt until the end of the Qing Dynasty. Please see what the texts contain: Outside the west gate of Huai'an to the mouth of the river sixty miles, the canal is high, and the boat travels on the ground. In the past, the river bank is now the bottom of the water, and the sluice is turbulent, and the grain transport is not seven or eight hundred people can not hold the people who cross the gate. 5628474 (Pan Jiyu, "Check the Old Rules and Looseness") Qingjiang Putianfei Gate to enter the Yellow River... Heavy transport for export, often seven or eight hundred or to a thousand people, each ship is noisy, and the poor force of the export is only twenty or thirty, and the turbid flow rushes until under the city of Gaobao, and the river is yellow. Residents are drinking from the water. 5628475 (Jin Fu, "Nanyunkou") If it is a restoration, when the boat enters and leaves the Yellow River, the lower plate of the lock surface of the Yellow River is not closed, and the water level of the Yellow River cannot flow directly for a long time. The interruption and loss of technology is shocking and shocking. Qing Dynasty literary works have graphic and emotional descriptions: the Yellow River flows angrily on the axis, and ten boats and nine boats overturn. The Linji Gate is a boat, and the water is urgent and the stones touch. The boat is like ascending to heaven, and the boat is unable to move forward. The wizard jumps called the word of God, and the boatmen dare to lose money. 5628476 (Shi Minzhang's "Tianfei Gate Song is the First of the Gates in Qinghe County") The Yellow River is like a mountain carrying sand, and the Qinghuai snow waves roar with thunder. The wind and rain fight the two dragons in the daytime, and the sound of the waves clears the estuary in May. Small boats flutter like birds, and big ships are like mountains. If the crow tail car takes over the axle, the northerners laugh and the southerners cry. Suddenly, it was like a broken bamboo, and the corn flowed fat to the belly of the fish. ...... The wind and rain suddenly turned into darkness, and the bow of the ship could not be cracked, and the stern of the ship could not be retreated. Thousands of people tried their best to bleed, and the heart was cut off with a song. 5628477 (Wu Yixian's "Watching the Yellow and Huai Convergence of Grain Ships Racing and Feeling") From the early Qing Dynasty to the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the boats entered the river from the Huaiyang Canal, and it was difficult for the wids to pull the same way, it can be seen that Tianfei approached the Yellow River with a single lock, and most of the time there was no lock behind the lock. Chen Xuan built a gate a few miles apart, and he did not insist well when he entered Huai after four gates. In short, since the pre-Qin Dynasty, ancient Chinese water control and transportation, constantly seeking dreams and building dreams, dreams come true, and generally sustainable, to the Yuan Dynasty river and sea transportation and reached the pinnacle. China's ancient civilization of water management and transportation was a microcosm of China's economic and technological leadership in the world at that time. After Zheng He made seven trips to the West in the Ming Dynasty, and after achieving safe and efficient river transportation during the Yongle period, he gave up shipping to specialize in river transportation, indicating that the feudal rulers lost their enterprising spirit, fell into the abandonment of sustainable traditions, fell into the quagmire of connecting the Yellow River downstream, and stuck to the river transportation under the intersection of the three rivers, which was a turning point in ancient China when water control and transportation could not be sustainable to unsustainable, and the dream of constantly fulfilling dreams according to the law was gradually decaying according to the old ways. Although the Ming and Qing dynasties also exerted the technology of maintaining the balance of the water potential of the Yellow, Huai and Yun rivers to the extreme in the bitter struggle with the Yellow River, they have certain spiritual values for building dreams. However, on the whole, its grain and river transportation is prosperous and declining, and cannot be revived, which to a large extent reflects the inevitability of the decline of feudal society and helps to interpret the social reasons for the defeat of the Opium War.（AI翻译）