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The reign from the Emperor Zheng De to Jia Jing in the mid period of Ming Dynasty saw a severe land annexation,frequent famines and the displacement of peasants. Neo-Confucianism,as an orthodox philosophy,was unable to refresh the depraved social ethos and clear up people's spiritual confusion. At that time,the Chen Xianzhang—led Jiang Men School of the Mind,which advocates the natural outpourings of man's genuine thoughts and sentiments,rose to refute and criticize the doctrine of Neo-Confucianism—“uphold natural laws and uproot human desires”. The south witnessed the flourishing of the School of the Mind led by Wang Yangming,which looks straight into man's moral conscience and inner world,stresses the unity of theory and practice,but doesn't pay enough attention to social environment and social reality. Meanwhile,in the north,represented by Luo Qinshun,Wang Tingxiang,Lv Nan,and Ma Li,the doctrine of“to the service of the peace and prosperity of the world”proposed to reform social maladies, revere and follow ancient sages in academic life,and thus served to redress and guide the political and social ethos. The mid-Ming period also saw the revival of the School of Guanzhong area and the emergence of some influential Neo-Confucianism scholars. Amongst them were Lv Nan and the School of San Yuan,who,as advocates of“pragmatic learning”,engaged in writing books,giving lectures and establishing academies. Lv Nan was the supreme accomplisher while Wang Shu,Ma Li,Yang Jue and Han Bangqi contributed to polish and perfect their theories. In the matter of justic-profit relation,they adhered to the unity of the two,rejected the Buddhist and Taoist thought of inaction,and advocated practice and pragmatism. The most prolific author of Neo-Confuciansim works,Lv Nan suggested that the monarch and the subjects be of the same mind as the common people represent the mind of the heaven,and maintained that what matters most in one's cultivation be the cultivation of the heart and a conscientious self-restraint when alone. He also opined that the purpose of education be to motivate the scholars to devote themselves to the service of the country and the world. Wang Shu's Opinion on Yi-ology mainly reflects his interpretation,supplement and questioning of Yi Chuan and Zhu Xi's elucidation of Yi Ching.Ma Li held that the learning of great sages be taken with an appreciative attitude,and meanwhile his theories of principle,of vital energy,of moral cultivation and education significantly promoted the style of the School of Guang Zhou area. Yang Jue's theory of“solving confusion through debate”and his thought that“people are the foundation of a state”served all the more as an attack and condemnation against the corrupt,sordid social realities. The thoughts of these four reflect Guanzhong scholars' custom and practice of upholding moral integrity,as well as attaching importance to folk and academic traditions. Key Words: The Middle of Ming Dynasty; Guanzhong; Lv Nan; Wang Shu; Ma Li; Yang Jue; Yi-ology（AI翻译）
