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中国革命语境中的“资本主义”:一项概念史考察

Capitalism in the Context of the Chinese Revolution: A Conceptual Historical Study

曹龙虎

资本主义 概念 历史 研究 中国 近代

2019-12-01

978-7-5203-5257-4

318

24

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  • 内容简介
  • 书籍目录
  • 参考文献
内容简介

本书首先考察“资本主义”概念在西方的起源及其含义变迁状况。具体来说,虽然各类工具书在介绍“资本主义”概念时都直接将其表征的经济生产方式至少追溯到15-16世纪,但事实上,“资本主义”一词直到19世纪后半叶才零星地出现在一些学者的著作和论述中。20世纪以后,“资本主义”一词才在社会主义革命运动广泛兴起的背景下,作为“社会主义”的对立词汇,得以广泛传播,成为人们普遍使用的基本概念。

其次,将考察视野转移到“资本主义”概念在近代中国的接引和传播。19世纪末20世纪初期,“资本主义”概念体系中的“资本”“资本家”等词汇就开始在社会主义思想广泛传播的基础上广泛地进入中国人的视野,而合成词“资本主义”则在1919年以后被广泛使用,成为大家脱口而出的政治概念。

再次,探讨“资本主义”概念在近代革命语境中的使用情况。大体来说,在民族革命的语境中,“资本主义”概念主要与更早传人中国的“帝国主义”概念联系在一起,以“资本帝国主义”的名目示人。

最后,作为近代以来中国重要的政治概念之一,近代中国对于“资本主义”概念的讨论还与中国到底该走什么样的道路、实行什么样的政治制度有关。这一点在20世纪20年代的道路之争中已有所反映,而在后来的革命发展过程中则由于关乎政策操作而体现得更为明显。经过艰难的探索,毛泽东最终用新民主主义的革命框架设定了“资本主义”“社会主义”在中国政治道路选择过程中的选择序列和实践方式。

This book begins by examining the origins of the concept of “capitalism” in the West and its changing meanings. Specifically, although the concept of “capitalism” has been introduced in various tools that directly trace the economic mode of production it characterizes back to at least the 15th-16th centuries, the term “capitalism” did not appear sporadically in the writings and discourses of a number of scholars until the second half of the 19th century. It was not until the second half of the 19th century that the term “capitalism” appeared sporadically in the writings and discourses of some scholars, and it was only after the 20th century that the term “capitalism”, as an antithesis of “socialism”, spread widely and became a basic concept in common use against the backdrop of the widespread emergence of the socialist revolutionary movement.

Secondly, let's shift the perspective to the introduction and dissemination of the concept of “capitalism” in modern China: in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, “capital”, “capitalist” and “capitalist” in the conceptual system of “capitalism” were widely used. The terms “capital” and “capitalist” in the conceptual system of “capitalism” began to enter the Chinese people's viewpoint on the basis of the widespread dissemination of socialist ideology, while the synthetic term “capitalism” was widely used after 1919 and became a political concept that everyone spoke of offhand. capitalism” was widely used after 1919, and became a political concept that everyone used off the top of their heads.

Once again, we will explore the use of the concept of “capitalism” in the context of modern revolution. Generally speaking, in the context of the national revolution, the concept of “capitalism” was mainly associated with the concept of “imperialism”, which had been introduced to China earlier, under the name of “capital imperialism”. 

Finally, as one of the most important political concepts in modern China, the discussion of the concept of “capitalism” in modern China was also related to what kind of path China should take and what kind of political system it should implement. This was already reflected in the road debate in the 1920s, and became even more evident in the subsequent revolutionary development, as it was about policy maneuvering. After a difficult search, Mao finally used the revolutionary framework of New Democracy to set out the sequence of choices between “capitalism” and “socialism” in the process of choosing China's political path and the way of practicing it.

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