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This book studies the impact of rising labor prices on food production, including the transfer of agricultural labor and the rise of agricultural mechanization induced by rising labor prices, as well as their impact on food production efficiency, planting structure and land circulation. In the process of research, the author received guidance and co-authored with many teachers, including Professor Zhang Xiaobo of Peking University, Professor Huang Zuhui and Associate Professor Ruan Jianqing of Zhejiang University, Professor Chen Zhigang of the International Food Policy Research Institute, Professor Jin Songqing and Professor Thomas Reardon of Michigan State University, Professor Zhong Funing of Nanjing Agricultural University, and thank editors such as Lu Xiaosheng for their great efforts in the publication of this book. The book is divided into the following six chapters: Chapter 1: The Impact of Rising Labor Prices on Agricultural Machinery. The study found that the first thing that touched the rising labor price was the young labor force, and compared with the older labor force, with the rising labor price, the young labor force was more inclined to enter the city and engage in non-agricultural work. From the perspective of demand, due to the transfer of a large number of labor in rural areas, the remaining labor force has become scarce, and the traditional "mutual help" agricultural production model can no longer be maintained, and a competitive rural labor market has gradually formed. However, because labor wages have risen so rapidly in recent years, peasant households will greatly increase the cost of production by hiring labor in the rural market to engage in agricultural production, making it uneconomical to produce food, so the "hired labor" agricultural production method is not suitable for the current situation in rural China. In addition, it is not cost-effective for a single farmer family to buy agricultural machinery by itself, because the land scale of a single farmer is too small, the cost of agricultural machinery per unit of land is too large, and this agricultural production model is also impossible. In recent years, the social service mode of cross-regional operation of agricultural machinery emerging in rural areas is the best choice for individual farming households. From the supply level, the climate difference between China's regions makes the grain harvesting between Chinese regions form a long gradient in time, individual farmers can purchase large-scale agricultural machinery in more than a dozen provinces in the country to carry out harvesting operations, cross-regional operation time up to 7 months a year, which fully reduces the unit land machinery cost of individual farmers to purchase agricultural machinery for cross-regional operations, so that they can make profits, thereby ensuring the formation of agricultural machinery social services at the supply level. After clarifying the mechanism of labor price induced agricultural machinery to replace agricultural labor, the influence of labor price on the use of agricultural machinery was empirically analyzed by using micro-farmer data. The results show that under the premise of controlling for other influencing factors, the wages of migrant workers have a significant positive impact on the use of agricultural machinery by rural households, and for every time the wages of migrant workers go out to work, the expenditure of rural households on agricultural machinery per mu will increase by 44.3%. In addition, empirical results show that the positive impact of labor wages on plain areas is more significant, and for every doubling of labor wages going out to work, the cost of agricultural machinery per mu of rural households in plain areas will increase by 55.8%, while the cost of agricultural machinery per mu in mountainous areas will only increase by 17.3%. Chapter 2: The Impact of Agricultural Machinery Replacement Labor on Food Production Efficiency. Will the use of agricultural machinery have an impact on the productivity of food production? Because traditional agricultural economics always believes that intensive farming will increase productivity, while extensive management will lose productivity. In order to verify this problem, the author used multiple micro-farm household survey databases to conduct empirical research, and adopted the empirical estimation method of score matching, and the results showed that the use of agricultural machinery cross-regional operation services by farmers did not have a negative impact on food production. Chapter Three: The Impact of Labor Prices and Demographic Changes on the Structure of Grain Planting. This chapter conducts empirical research from the macro provincial level and the micro farm household level, respectively. The results show that at the macro provincial level, the rise in rural labor prices has a significant negative impact on the planting ratio of food crops, while it has a significant positive impact on the planting ratio of cash crops, especially on the proportion of vegetable crops. The empirical results at the micro farmer level are consistent with the macro results, highlighting the robustness of the empirical results. In terms of the demographic structure of rural households, both the macro and micro empirical results show that the proportion of elderly labor has no significant impact on food production, while the high proportion of female labor has a significant negative impact on the proportion of food planting, but has a positive impact on the proportion of cash crops. Chapter IV: The Impact of Labor Prices and Demographic Changes on Rural Land Circulation. This chapter mainly uses micro-farm data for empirical research. The results show that the rise in labor prices has a significant positive impact on rural land rental and lease in plain areas, that is, rising labor prices will promote the development of rural land leasing market in plain areas. The empirical results show that the rise in labor prices has no significant impact on rural land leasing. At the level of demographic structure, whether it is by land lease or lease, or by total sample, plain area and mountain area, the empirical results show that the aging and feminization of rural household population do not have a significant impact on the rural land leasing market. The empirical results also show that there is no statistically significant effect on whether the aging and feminization of the population structure will exacerbate or weaken the impact of rising labor prices on the rural land rental market. Chapter 5: The Impact of Migrant Labor and Local Non-farm Employment on Food Production Efficiency. This chapter examines the impact of migrant work and local non-farm employment on food productivity. After introducing the associative stochastic utility analysis method into the stochastic frontier production efficiency estimation model and controlling for some unobservable endogenous influencing factors, the empirical results show that local non-farm employment and migrant work have no significant negative impact on food production efficiency, breaking the view that rural labor transfer will inevitably have a negative impact on agricultural production efficiency. Chapter VI Summary and Outlook. As the economy grows, labor prices will continue to rise, and farmers may be more inclined to grow high-yield cash crops in the future. According to the development of the market economy, small-scale and finely fragmented food production methods may gradually decrease. In response to this change, the possible path for the country in the future lies in the centralization and collectivization of grain production, and the establishment of more large-scale grain farming groups similar to Xinjiang for centralized production. Centralized production can break through the limitation that large-scale agricultural machinery is difficult to apply to fine crushed farmland, and reduce the cost of machinery per mu. The widespread use of large agricultural machinery can also save more labor for industry and services. In terms of land, although the rise in labor prices can effectively induce the accelerated circulation of land, after all, the scale and quantity are limited, and the government may need to adopt more ways to encourage land circulation, such as land shareholding, etc., so that land can be concentrated, break the traditional and fragmented management methods, remove field ridges, and concentrate land into pieces for mechanized production.
逻辑平滑转移机制、信贷约束与不确定性:对中国货币政策的应用
Logistic Smooth Transfer Mechanisms, Credit Constraints, and Uncertainty: an Application to Chinese Monetary Policy企聚丝路:海外中国企业高质量发展调查.泰国
Overseas Chinese Enterprise and Employee Survey in B&R Countries THAILAND中国区际产业转移的微观基础及动力机制研究
Microfoundations and Dynamic Mechanisms of Interregional Industrial Transfers in China企聚丝路:海外中国企业高质量发展调查.土耳其
Overseas Chinese Enterprise and Employee Survey in B&R Countries TURKEY中国金融改革发展的学理探讨
Discussion on the Theory of China's Financial Reform and Development
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