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匠人，即手工业者。本研究试图超出这一惯常理解，遂采介先秦管子“四民分业”的政策规制，包括士、农、工、商四部分。之所以如此，关键在于，与儒学相比，“四业”多属技艺承传。以现代话语诠释，其间以“技术知识”、“缄默知识”或“实践知识”成分居多。秦汉之后，“士”成为知识分子的代称，故仅有部分属于该范畴，以“匠士”相称谓。农人、工者、商贾与“匠士”有所不同，完全归于掌握行业技艺的庶民。诸业之兴衰与农耕文明的文化底色息息相关，这些于士策、农策、工策、商策层面多有凸显。诚如“农本商末”与“农商俱利”有别，其结果自然有异。正如长期“农本”之策使农艺发明从三皇五帝至清末相继不辍，而商贾技艺虽起于商代，发展于唐宋，但辉煌时已进明清。言及匠人，传统“匠籍”制度不能逾越。设若将“匠籍”制度仅仅视作被“奴役”则有失公允，在一定意义上，“匠籍”制度对于确保技艺“家传”至关重要。自夏禹开端，商代发展，至西周成熟的“职业为氏，行业族居”的制度逐渐成为一种文化，并成为“匠籍”制度的习俗积淀。可以说，商代起对于“匠人”的垂青一直盛行于整个封建历史时期。当然，其间糟粕需有辨析。问题在于，《大学》《中庸》《论语》《孟子》等儒家经典世人皆耳熟能详，但是，东周《考工记》、宋代《营造法式》等却鲜有人知。事实上，诚如吴国盛在《科学的历程》中所揭示的：“推动人类文明进步的有两个传统，一个是哲学家传统，一个即工匠传统。”①这正是阐论匠人部分的主旨所在。
Craftsmen, i.e., handicraftsmen. This study attempts to go beyond this common understanding and adopts the pre-Qin Guanzi's policy of “Four People's Professions”, which included the scholar, the agricultural, the industrial, and the commercial sectors. The key reason for this is that, compared with Confucianism, the “four trades” were mostly skills to be passed on. Interpreted in modern terms, they were mostly composed of “technical knowledge”, “tacit knowledge” or “practical knowledge”. After the Qin and Han dynasties, “Shi” became a synonym for intellectuals, so only some of them belonged to this category and were called “craftsmen”. Farmers, workers, merchants and “artisans” are different, completely attributed to the people who mastered the skills of the industry. The rise and fall of the industry is closely related to the cultural background of the agricultural civilization, which is highlighted in the policy of the scholar, agricultural policy, industrial policy, business policy level. True, as the “agricultural and commercial end” and “agricultural and commercial profits” are different, the results are naturally different. Just as the long-term “agricultural” policy so that the invention of agricultural technology from the Three Emperors and Five Emperors to the end of the Qing Dynasty, while the commercial and business skills in the Shang Dynasty, the development of the Tang and Song dynasties, but the splendor of the Ming and Qing dynasties. When it comes to craftsmen, the traditional “artisan registration” system cannot be overstepped. If the “artisan registration” system is only regarded as being “enslaved” is unfair, in a certain sense, “artisan registration” system to ensure that the skills “family” is essential. In a certain sense, the system of “artisan registration” was crucial to ensuring the “family transmission” of skills. Since the beginning of Xia Yu, the development of the Shang Dynasty, and the maturity of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the system of “occupations as clans and trades as ethnic groups” gradually became a culture, and became the customary accumulation of the system of “artisan's registration”. It can be said that the Shang Dynasty on the “craftsman” has been prevalent throughout the feudal history period. Of course, the dregs need to be analyzed. The problem lies in the fact that Confucian classics such as “The University”, “The Meanwhile”, “The Analects of Confucius” and “Mencius” are all familiar to the world, but “The Records of the Examining Engineer” of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and “The Legal Forms of Construction” of the Song Dynasty are seldom known to the world. In fact, as Wu Guosheng reveals in The Course of Science, “There are two traditions that drive the progress of human civilization, one is the tradition of philosophers and the other is the tradition of craftsmen.” This is precisely the thrust of the expository section on craftsmen.
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青少年思想道德现状及健全措施研究
Study on the Current Situation of Youth Ideology and Morality and Measures to Improve It -
中国乡村教化百年嬗变
A Hundred Years of Transformation of Chinese Rural Indoctrination -
中国大学行政权力合法性研究
Research on the Legitimacy of Administrative Power in Chinese Universities -
中国教育方针论稿
Essays on China's Education Policy -
中国高等教育质量保障运行机制及变革研究
Research on Operating Mechanism and Its Change of Higher Education Quality Assurance in China
